Chapter 19: Methods of Mass Production and Consumption Scientific and Technological Creativity

1. Chapter 19: Methods of Mass Production and ConsumptionScientific and Technological Creativity • Wave of technology continues in 20th cent. • Hydroelectric energy and incandescent bulb • Edison and planned invention • Internal combustion engine (Daimler/Benz) • Telephone, telegraph, radio • Impacts of chemistry • Antiseptic surgery, X-rays, public health • U. S. life expectancy at birth reaches 50 in 1910

2. Scientific and Technological Creativity • Laboratories pursue inventions systematically • Advancements in physics have long range impact • Einstein on relativity and nature of light • Only the speed of light remains constant according to these new understandings

3. Gender Relations • Labor-saving household raises expectations of how women should manage the home but bicycle provides mobility and freedom • Adolescent exploration of sexuality occurs in wake of films on birth control • Sexuality becomes a field of study with focus on gender differences

4. Urbanization and Migration • Mechanization of agriculture depleted rural employment & promoted migration to cities • Once simply the home of industry, urban life flowers into place of entertainment, department store fashions, and spectacle

5. The Other Side of Progress • Militarized Competition among the Great Powers • German/British economic competition spills over into weaponry • Security tied to continued operation of the balance of power in diplomacy • Freud highlights primal forces & aggression that threaten rational pursuit of security

6. Outside Europe • India • Chemistry produces artificial indigo dye • Had been produced on farms in India for export • 1911 royal convocation (darbar) held in Delhi to avoid Indian reactions against British • Britain maintains control of India by pitting Muslims against Hindus • Early stages of freedom movement underway

7. Outside Europe • China • Faith in Confucian principles retarded Chinese adoption of new approaches to production • 1911 revolution ushers in Republic • Leader of movement is Sun Yat-sen • Educated outside China • Advocated “Three People’s Principles” • Nationalism, democracy and Chinese technology • Rejected Marxism

8. Outside Europe • Latin America • Early industrialization combined British money and creole leadership in country • Governments in caudillo hands--not democratic • New immigrants from Europe advocate reform • Army, imbued with nationalism, seeks reform • No land reform on agenda--movement does not reach daily lives of the poor

9. Outside Europe • Latin America [cont.] • The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1930 • Few prospering in early 20th century • Rebellions end long reign of Porfiro Diaz after planned reelection attempt in 1910 • Zapata offers Plan of Ayala to help peasantry • Instability despite Constitution of 1917 • Obregon prevails over Carranza in 1920 • Mexico an inspirational model for Latin America

10. Outside Europe • The Ottoman Empire • Retained economic autonomy but had large debts owed to Europeans • Europe asserted right to intervene on behalf of Christian communities • Young Turks (1908) take over government but can’t solve problems • World War I ends Ottoman empire, Turkey the remnant

11. World War I, 1914-1918 • Outbreak of war shows lack of system to prevent war • Conflict quickly becomes war of attrition • Trench warfare • Multiple fronts • US entry in 1917 tips balance to Allies • Sinking of Lusitania; Zimmerman Note • 70 million involved; 10 million killed

12. World War I, 1914-1918 • Post-war Expectations and Results • “Make the world safe for democracy” • Countries for Austro-Hungarian minorities • Freedom for components of Ottoman Empire • Jews to Palestine (Balfour Declaration) • India edges onto the path to independence • Right to vote for women

13. World War I, 1914-1918 • The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919 • Advocates for new states abound • Political borders of Europe redrawn • Old empires vanish from map • Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian • Germany restructured • Borders reduced • War guilt clause • Reparations

14. World War I, 1914-1918 • The League of Nations • High hopes at creation fade as flaws emerge • US does not participate • National self-determination problems • Antagonism toward colonial rulers • Japanese gains prompt May 4th movement • India does not gain steps toward freedom • African colonies remain in European hands • Mandate system suggests limits on colonialism

15. The Russian Revolution • The Build-up to Revolution, 1914-17 • Russian westernization prior to 20th century • Industrialization minimal • Needed foreign investment • Agriculture unproductive • Peasants lack incentive and agricultural technology • Subdivision of land leaves farms without much land • Land sales to outsiders banned

16. The Russian Revolution • Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin sought immediate communist revolution • Tsarist commitment to war ruins Russia • 1st 1917 Revolution creates legislature and continuation of war • 2nd 1917 Revolution brings Bolsheviks to power on promise of “Peace, Land and Bread” • Terror and New Economic Plan in wake of 1917 Bolshevik takeover

17. The Russian Revolution • State Planning in Soviet Russia • Lenin industrializes with western advice • His death in 1924 ushered in power struggle • Stalin defeats Trotsky but implements his “law of combined development with Five Year Plans • Collectivization of agriculture in 1929 • Many farmers refuse to share crops • Liquidation of kulaks (wealthier peasants) • Industrial success seen as role model by some

18. The Russian Revolution • Women in the Soviet Union • Government ordered equal pay for equal work but did not enforce the requirement • Women bore “double burden” of wage labor plus household responsibility • Abortion commonplace

19. Post-War America • US technological/financial leader after war • Consumer goods include washers & radios • Changes in roles of women • Birth control and new images • Uninvolved in world except Latin America • Labor unrest grows between wars • “Red Scare” and active Ku Klux Klan

20. Post-War America • The Depression • Economic downturn accelerated by German war debt • Unemployment high in world except Russia • U. S. “New Deal” reforms nation • Social welfare measures include social security • New regulations of business; Pro-labor policies • Germany moves toward Nazism

21. What Difference Do they Make? • Early 20th Century taught skepticism • Technology brought more than a better life • Nationalism brought unity and war • Revolutions promised more than they delivered • War ended amidst realization it would resume • Totalitarianism emerged in midst of “civilized” world