Warm up 10/15

1. Draw a plasma membrane & Include the following • Label correct parts of the phospholipids hydrophobic and hydrophilic. • Integral proteins • Peripheral proteins • Cholesterol • What does semi-permeable mean? Warm up 10/15

2. PASSIVE TRANSPORT Chapter 4- 5: Notebook #9 (Ws #1: Notebook #8) Textbook pg. 97-102

3. Concentration: A measure of how much solute per unit of solvent ex/ 200mg NaCl / mL H20 • Solution = • Solute (that which is dissolved) • + • Solvent (the liquid that does the dissolving) These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.

4. Passive transport • Movement across the cell membrane without energy. • What characteristic does the cell membrane have?

5. Diffusion • Movement of molecules from area of high concentration (CONC) to area of low concentration

6. Concentration Gradient • Molecules have kinetic energy • Concentration Gradient: difference between high and low concentration • Molecules move “down” gradient. • Molecules move until they reach equilibrium (when all molecules are evenly spread out).

7. Warm up 10/17 Observing Osmosis Mini-Lab Sketch and Label a typical Bacteria Cell Be sure to include: Cell Membrane Capsule Cytoplasm Chromosomes Flagella Pilus • Make prediction • Dump-Liquid in Sink • Weigh Grape in paper cup • Trash plastic cup and grape • Finish Lab • Due Tomorrow!

8. Osmosis • Osmosis: special diffusion of water across membrane • A solution is made of a solute dissolved in a solvent (like water). • Direction of movement is dependent on solutes outside cell.

9. Hypotonic • Concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell and water moves into the cell  cell swells

10. Hypertonic • Concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell and water moves out the cell  cell shrinks

11. Isotonic: • Concentration of solutes inside = outside so no water moves

13. Observing Osmosis Mini-Lab Warm up Sketch and Label and typical Bacteria Cell Be sure to include: Cell Membrane Capsule Cytoplasm Chromosomes Flagella Pilus • Make prediction • Weigh Grape • Finish Lab • Due Tomorrow!

14. Facilitated Diffusion • Molecules too big to move across the membrane use carrier proteinsEx. Glucose

15. Warm Up 10/18 • Define the following in 10words or less. Use the terms Solute and Solvent and Solution • Hypertonic • Hypotonic • Isotonic • Turn in Warm-ups (Oct 9 – 18) and Lab • You have 5 min.

16. Particles may be too big to pass through. • ex. Glucose • Particles may be polar (charged) and unable to pass through the non-polar layer of the membrane. • ex. Aspartic Acid • Carrier Protein: Proteins found in the cell membrane that “carry” the particles through. • Facilitated Diffusion still transports particles from high concentrations to low concentrations.

17. Sensitivity: Just like enzymes, carrier proteins are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature (homeostasis is important for transport rates/ability) Specificity: Just like enzymes, carrier proteins are specific to one type of substance they can transport. (substrate fits the protein like a key in a lock) 2-way travel: The diffusion can occur into or out of the cell based on where the high/low concentrations are found.

18. Ion Channel: carrier proteins that specialize in transporting a specific ion across the membrane. ex. Na+, K+, Cl- Some Ion Channels are always open • As charged particles, ions are unable to pass through the membrane on their own. Some channels work as gates, only opening under certain conditions. 3 Ways that open gates: stretching the membrane, electrical stimuli, chemicals in the cytosol or outside the cell

19. Warm up 10/22 • What are the 4 types of passive transport. • What are the roles of carrier proteins? • Are carrier proteins and ion channels peripheral or integral proteins? Explain why is 15 words or less. (If you are not appropriately far along when Mr. E comes around you will not get a stamp.)

20. ACTIVE TRANSPORT pp. 103-106

21. Active Transport • Requires energy • Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration • Move against the concentration gradient

22. Carrier proteins that are active are called pumps. • Protein binds to a specific molecule. • Protein transfers the molecule to the other side. • Sodium-Potassium Pump: transports Na+ and K+ against (not down) gradient 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in • Requires Energy in the Form of ATP  ADP

23. Membrane pumps

24. Endocytosisand Exocytosis: used to move very large molecules in and out of the cell

25. Endocytosis: ingest large molecules into cell • Material is engulfed by cell membrane. • Membrane makes a pouch. • Pouch then pinches off and makes a vesicle. • Vesicle binds with lysosome.

26. Phagocytosis: a form of endocytosis in which immune cells attack and ingest bacteria

27. Exocytosis: (the reverse of endocytosis) moving large particles out of the cell

28. CELL DIVERSITY AND CELL SIZE Chapter 5 pg. 72-73

29. Cell shape • Cell shape related to function of the cell • Only write what is in black! (Notes can be written in Specialized Cells WS from 10/16/12)

30. Red Blood Cells • Found in your circulatory system. • Your red blood cells do several important jobs. They carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. They carry food from the stomach to all the cells in the body. • Red blood cells do not have a nucleus and have very few organelles. This is so that they can carry the gasses that they need to carry. There are chemicals that attach to the nutrients or gas to carry it. The cells are round and are indented in the middle to increase their surface area.

31. Skin Cells • The skin layer is about 10 cells deep. Your skin is constantly wearing out and being replaced. When a skin cell dies, it falls off and becomes dust. You lose 30,000 to 40,000 dead skin cell every minute! Adults have about 20 square feet of skin. • There are chemicals inside the cells called melanin and carotene that make your skin the unique color it is. • Skin cells are long and flat. They have the organelles that most animal cells would have.

32. Nerve Cells • Nerve cells are the communication system in your body. • Your brain has 100 billion neurons (nerve cells in the brain). • Most cells divide and create new cells in your body. Neurons never divide or are replaced. This makes your neurons the longest living cells in your body. • Nerve cells are very long and have arms coming out of them that connect to other cells. One nerve cell can be up to 1 meter.

33. Heart Cell • Heart cells are a type of muscle cell that is found in your heart. • Your heart beats about 70 to 80 times per minute or 100,000 times a day. Your heart pumps 2.4 ounces (or 70 mL) per heart beat. This equals 1,900 gallons (7,200 liters) a day! • Heart cells are like other muscle cells andare long and thin. They have a lot of mitochondria because they work andmove all the time. They also have musclefibers called actin and myosin to make your heart beat.

34. Warm up 10/23 • What are the two types of active transport? • Where does the energy come from for the Sodium-Potassium pump? • Describe endocytosis!

35. Bone Cells • You have 206 bones in your body. Your bones are made of cells. Cells probably seem really soft and not very strong.Butbone cells make a chemical that hardens around each cell. This makes your bones strong! • Bone cells are shaped like cubes and columns. They make proteins and control how many minerals (like calcium) are around the cell. • These cells have a lot of endoplasmicreticulum and Golgi complex becausethey need to make alot of protein.

36. Rods and Cones • When you see light enters your eyes and is focused on the back of your eyes (the retina). There are 2 kinds of cells that make up the retina: rods and cones. • Rods help you see the size, shape and brightness of an object, but don’t help you see color. They can see in very dim light and for peripheral vision (when you are not looking directly at something). Cones help to see detail and the color of an object. You have 130 million rods in each eye (compared to 7 million cones).

37. Leaf Cell • Leaves have several kinds of cells. The top layer is called the epidermis. The layer just underneath is called the palisade layer. This is where photosynthesis happens. Other cells in the leaf protect it, get carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. • Palisade cells are long and flat to absorb the most sunshine. They are packed with chloroplasts to do photosynthesis. There are up to 50 chloroplasts in one cell! These cells are packed tightly together.

38. Cell size • Surface area to volume ratio decreases with increasing cell size (EX. 6:1 vs 3:1) • Volume increases quicker than the surface area

39. Summary of the Mini-Lab • What was different about the 3 cubes? • What happened when we placed the cubes (model cells) in the solution of NaOH? • Did the NaOH diffuse the same distance?

41. Why is this important to the cell? • Substances cannot get to the center, or out of the center of the cell if it’s too big

42. What does this mean for the cell? • The bigger the volume the less surface area • not enough surface area to meet the needs of the increasing volume • distance to center increases as cell increases • Difficulty exchanging materials (such as nutrients, oxygen, and waste products) across the cell

43. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Chapter 5 pg. 103-106

44. Active Transport • Requires energy • Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration • Move against the concentration gradient

45. Membrane pumps

46. Carrier proteins that are active are called pumps. • Protein binds to a specific molecule. • Protein transfers the molecule to the other side. • Sodium-Potassium Pump: transports Na+ and K+ against (not down) gradient • 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

47. Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Used to move very large molecules in and out of the cell

48. Endocytosis • Ingest large molecules into cell • Material is engulfed by cell membrane. • Membrane makes a pouch. • Pouch then pinches off and makes a vesicle. • Vesicle binds with lysosome.

49. Phagocytosis • A form of endocytosis in which immune cells attack and ingest bacteria

50. Exocytosis • (the reverse of endocytosis) moving large particles out of the cell