How do cells and organ systems all work together To create a functioning Organism; and how many

1. How do cells and organ systems all work together To create a functioning Organism; and how many Different types of organisms are there

2. MY OBJECTIVES -understand and explain cell theory -explain the different kingdoms of organisms and their classification -how cells, tissues and organ systems work together -explain plant and animal organs, and organ systems

3. CELL THEORY • All living organisms are comprised of cells • Cells are the basic units of structure in all things living • All cells come from cells (cell division) • cells contains hereditary information which is passed from              cell to cell during cell division. • All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs               within cells.     • http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/cell.text.htm

4. Different types of organisms • There are millions of different types of organisms, however they have been classified and put into groups. I will cover this more when I talk about classification. There are six, overarching, fundamental types, or kingdoms of organisms. • -animals • -plants • -fungi • -archaebacteria • -eubacteria • -protists • http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/cell.text.htm

5. Different types of organisms continued • The animal kingdom is by far the kingdom with the largest number or species. Most of us are familiar with several of its members animals are heterotrophs. • The plant kingdom also has a large number of members. Plants are autotrophs meaning that they produce their own food. All plants, like animals, are multi-cellular. • Archaebacteria is a kingdom that consists of single celled bacteria. They can live in harsh conditions such as acids, boiling water, etc.

6. Different types of organisms continued • Eubacteria is a kingdomthat consists also of bacteria, however, these are more common and have a different chemical makeup than other bacteria. • Fungi is a kingdom that consists of multi celled organisms. These organisms are heterotrophs as are animals and feed off of other decaying matter. Mots molds, mildews, and mushrooms are examples of fungi • Protists are a kingdom that consist of many differing organisms that don’t classify as anything else. Most protists are unicellular. Slime molds and algae are good examples of protists. http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/index.htm

7. Classification of organisms The classification of a species depends on many factors. All organisms can be classified under a linear system: The order of this system is as follows: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. As in the example below, the animal kingdom is divided into several sub-categories. These categories become more specific until the species is identified. http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/classification.htm http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/38/3877.png

8. Classification of organisms http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/classif-gifs/classific-a.gif

9. Cellular differentiation all multi- celled organisms have many cells and many different types of cells. How is it possible that all of these can come from one initial cell, a fertilized egg or zygote? The reason that this is possible is through a process called differentiation. Cell differentiation is when the initial zygote divides and forms two cells, then four, then eight, and so on. Eventually these cells begin to form into the basic shape of an embryo. At this point they begin to form the basic shape of organs and body parts. By regulating which genes are active, the cell can take on a specific function, this is called specialization. http://mansfield.osu.edu/~sabedon/campbl21.htm

10. cells and tissues • Tissue is a group of cells that all serve the same function and are part of an organ or organism. • Cells are able to send signals to each other by chemical codes through tiny tubules called Plasmodesmata. • Cells specialize by suppressing some of their genes and activating others. • A zygote must contain all the information necessary for an organism to be created. This information is passed on by differentiation and put to use during specialization.

11. Tissues and organs All organs consist of tissues. An organ is a group of tissues that works together to perform a particular function. An organ contains at least two different types of tissues. An organ system is a set of organs that work together to serve a specific set of function(s). Examples of organ systems might be the cardiovascular system, and the nervous system. Many of the body’s organ systems are separated by membranes or muscles. All of the body’s organ systems have components that are vital to the survival of the organism. If the nervous system fails, the body has no means of communicating vital information to other components of the body http://www.biol.andrews.edu/anat/hb/organization.html

12. Tissues and organs continued If , say, the cardiovascular system fails, then no oxygen rich blood courses through the body and the cells in the body’s tissues and organs die of starvation. This is a good example of how all of the organ systems of the body depend on each other. An illustration of the human cardiovascular system http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/images/factsheets/cardiovascular_427x500.jpg

13. Plant organs and organ systems Plants have three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves The plant body is made of organs that consist of different tissues, like in animals, these tissues are groups of cells with similar roles. Monocots and dicots: Dicots are plants that have two seed leaves, monocots have only one. ROOTS

14. Plant organs and organ systems continued Roots serve several purposes in plants. They anchor the plant, absorb minerals and water, and store food. Many dicots have a taproot, this long, vertical root has many tiny branch roots. Most monocots such as grasses have a fibrous root system. This mat like system serves the same functions as the taproot, however this further exposes the plant to water, minerals and nutrients as well as anchoring it firmly.

15. Plant organs and organ systems continued STEM The stem of the plant also serves several purposes. The stem holds the plant upright and acts similarly to the skeletal system of the human body. It conveys nutrients, and water to the leaves, and food to the roots to be stored.

16. Plant organs and organ systems continued LEAVES The leaves are where most of the photosynthetic processes of the plant take place. This process creates sugar (plant food) from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and the nutrients from the soil. The reason that plant appear green is that they reflect the green light that is not absorbed by the plant’s chlorophyll during the process of photosynthesis, most other colors are absorbed and used as energy to create a reaction between the water and the carbon dioxide

17. Plant organs and organ systems continued The released energy is stored in the bonds of sugar molecules. There is a surplus of oxygen created by the reaction, this is where a the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from (or is contributed to by) The rest of the oxygen is created by algae (kingdom protista/ protist). Essentially each plant is an organ system. All the parts work together in order to create photosynthesis. This is how the plants are able to survive. In order for earth and its inhabitants to remain healthy, the balance between the consumers of oxygen and the creators of oxygen must be maintained. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/photosyn.htm