Cells

1. Cells

2. What is a cell? • A cell is the smallest functional unit of life (it is the smallest, most simple thing that can still be considered living) • It is basis for “organization”

3. Structural Organization Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell

4. The Invention of the Microscope • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • Mid 1600s • Made 1st microscope • Magnification of 270x • Observed pond water

5. Who discovered the cell? • 1665 Robert Hooke used a microscope to look at cork. The cork looked like little boxes under the microscope. • Fun fact: Hooke used the word “cells” because the boxes he saw under the microscope reminded him of cells that monks lived in. • This is what cells look • like under a microscope

6. Who discovered the cell? • 1830s Matthias Schleiden determines that all plants are made up of cells. Theodor Schwann determines all animals are made up of cells. • 1855 Rudolf Virchow says that all cells must come from other cells. • This all lead up to The Cell Theory

7. Cell Theory • The cell theory has 3 parts: • All living things are made up of cells. • The cell is the basic organizational unit of all living things. • Cells must come from other cells.

8. The Parts of a Cell • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Golgi apparatus • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes • Vacuoles • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm Organelles

9. Organelles • Cell parts = organelles

10. Nucleus • The “brain” of the cell • Directs cell activities • Where genetic information is stored • DNA  Genes  Chromosomes Nucleus

11. Mitochondria • The “powerhouse” of the cell • Releases energy for the cell to use Mitochondria

12. Ribosomes • Make protein Ribosomes

13. Vacuoles • Used for storage • Like containers that you use to store leftovers in the fridge Vacuole

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Folds the proteins • Processes (modifies) proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

15. Golgi Bodies • Packages proteins (and other materials) into vesicles so they can be “shipped” to other parts of the cell Golgi Bodies

16. Cytoplasm • Like gelatin • Surrounds all of the organelles • Can also be called the cytoskeleton Cytoplasm

17. Cell membrane • The covering of the cell • Allows certain materials to enter or leave the cell. Cell Membrane

18. There are 2 types of cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

19. Prokaryotic • 1st kind of cell • Very simple • No internal organelles (except ribosomes) • All bacteria fit into this category

20. Eukaryotic • Last to evolve • More complex • Have organelles • 2 types of eukaryotic cells • Plant cells • Animal cells

21. Organelles Only Found in Plant Cells • Cell wall • Chloroplast Cell Wall Chloroplast

22. Cell Wall • Plants don’t have skeletons to hold them up, so each cell has a thick cell wall that provides support. • Cell wall contains cellulose • This is what you hear snapping/crunching when you chew lettuce or raw green beans.

23. Chloroplast • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll • Chlorophyll is a pigment that traps sunlight • This is the part of the plant that converts sunlight to chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Humans don’t have chloroplasts. If they did, they would be green!

24. Common Plant and Animal Cell Organelles Animal Cell Plant Cell

25. Common Plant and Animal Cell Organelles Cell Membrane Nucleus Ribosome Golgi Body Vacuole Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondrion Animal Cell Plant Cell

26. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells Cell Wall Chloroplast Larger Vacuole Animal Cell Plant Cell

27. Are All Cells the Same Shape?

28. Are All Cells the Same Shape? • No! • Each cell has a different shape that fits what its job is.

29. Are All Cells the Same Shape? Each cell has a different shape that fits what its job is.

30. Metabolism • Metabolism is how fast a cell can get materials in, break them down and build new stuff out of it… • Anabolism • cells building things (like protein) • Catabolism • cells breaking things down (the food you eat) • Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism

31. Review Time! Let’s see what you learned today…

32. Compare and Contrast the Organelles Found in Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells Animals Plants Both

33. Compare and Contrast the Organelles Found in Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells Animals Plants Both Cell Wall Chloroplasts Nucleus ER Golgi Body Mitochondria Ribosomes Vacuoles Cell membrane

34. How Do Cells Play a Role in Structural Organization?

35. How Do Cells Play a Role in Structural Organization? Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell

36. Why do plant cells need a larger vacuole than animal cells?

37. Why do plant cells need a larger vacuole than animal cells? Because plants make their own food from sunlight. Sunlight is not available 24-7, so the plant has to be able to store lots of food in case it does not get sunlight for awhile.

38. Is this a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell? Cell Wall Large Vacuole Cell Membrane Chloroplast

39. Is this a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell? Cell Wall Large Vacuole Cell Membrane Chloroplast Eukaryotic cell – it has organelles

40. Is E. coil bacteria a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?

41. Is E. coil bacteria a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotic– it has no organelles

42. What type of cell is this? Cell Wall Large Vacuole Cell Membrane Chloroplast

43. What type of cell is this? Cell Wall Large Vacuole Cell Membrane Chloroplast PLANT CELL

44. Can you tell what each organelle does? • Nucleus- • Ribosome- • Chloroplast- • Mitochondria- • Endoplasmic Reticulum- • Vacuole- • Golgi Apparatus-

45. Can you tell what each organelle does? • Nucleus- controls the cell’s activities • Ribosome- makes protein • Chloroplast- makes sunlight into food • Mitochondria- makes energy • Endoplasmic Reticulum- folds proteins • Vacuole- stores stuff • Golgi Apparatus- packages and ships stuff