18.3 ~ The United States & East Asia

1. 18.3 ~The United States & East Asia

2. How did the United States extend its influence in Asia? • America’s decision to keep the Philippines helped expand U.S. influence, compete with European colonial powers, gain Asian markets, and extend American culture to the people of Asia. • Imperialism in East Asia brought greater power and wealth to Americans, but it also increased political tensions in Asia.

3. Following the Spanish-American War, the United States decided to retain possession of the Philippines. • This angered Filipino nationalists like Emilio Aguinaldo who had fought aside the Americans to oust Spain. • Aguinaldo used guerrilla warfare (non-traditional warfare involving small bands of fighters that attacked behind American lines) in an organized insurrection (a rebellion) against theUnited States.

4. The U.S. reacted withbrutality and racism. Villages were burned and suspected “insurrectos” shot. One commander, General Jacob Smith, even told his men, “the more you kill and burn, the better you will please me.” Brutality was defended in the American press with racist statementssuch as, “they must yield before the superior race.” The American military used extraordinary measures to crush the rebellion:

5. 1901 - Americans captured Aguinaldo, which marked the beginning of the end of the insurrection. • The U.S. spent over $400 million to defeat the Filipino insurgency • 5,000 Americans were killed • 200,000 Filipinos were killed

6. In 1901 the insurrection ended and William Howard Taftwas appointed governor of the Philippines. Taft wanted to help the Philippines and gain support of the Filipino people: • He censored the press and jailed dissidents 2. He established a health care system 3. He staffed schools 4. He built roads and bridges 5. He extended limited self-rule

7. 1916 ~ Congress passed the Jones Act • This act pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence

8. By 1899 China had fallen into political, economic and military disarray! • In 1899, China was being exploited by European powers.

9. Britain, France, Germany, and Russiaeach carved out spheres of influenceor zones in which they enjoyed specialaccess to ports and markets • Japan also joined in and expanded its’ regional influence – grabbing territories in China and Korea

11. American trade with China was now threatened because the U.S. did not have a “zone” • U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced that the U.S. expected “equality of treatment for commerce in China.” • This Open Door Policy • guided future U.S. actions.

12. In 1900, Chinese secret societies began attacking foreigners and missionaries.These secret societies celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized westerns ways, including Christianity

13. A violent Chinese secret society named The Righteous & Harmonious Fists were nicknamed the “Boxers” because of their martial arts training. • The Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats’ district in Beijing • This was known as the • Boxer Rebellion

14. A multinational force from the U.S., Europe, and Japan, put down this Boxer Rebellion. • The Chinese government was forced to pay for damages done during the rebellion. • This raised nationalist anger and contributed to a 1911 revolt against the Emperor.

16. It eventually took 20,000 soldiers, including 2,000 Americans, like these marching through China’s Forbidden City, to put down the Boxer Rebellion.

17. Japan also opposed European interference in China, especially by Russia. • In 1904, Japan attackeda Russian fleet at Port Arthur in China. • Japan began to tale lands in Manchuria, which caused more that 100,000 Russian casualties

18. The resulting Russo-Japanese Warwas resolved by Theodore Roosevelt at a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire with representatives from Japan and Russia. • In 1905, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role, demonstrating America’s new stature in the world.

19. America entered into troubled relations with Japan.Anti-Asian prejudice, especially on the West Coast, disrupted relations with Japan. • The San Francisco School Board banned Asian students from attending classes with white students, Japan was insulted. • President Roosevelt disapproved the segregation and understood why Japan was angry.

20. Roosevelt negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in which the school board removed the ban and in exchange,Japan limited emigration to the U.S.

21. President Roosevelt used diplomacy to ease tensions with Japan but he also promoted military preparedness to protect U.S. interests in Asia • He won congressional support for a new force of Navy ships

22. President Roosevelt reminded the world of America’s rising military power by sending the Great White Fleetof sixteen battleships on a world cruise in 1907.