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The United States & World War II. Mr. Pagliaro, Seymour High School, @ PagsAPUSH. Ideologies to understand…. Militarism -N- dominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state Fascism -N- radical, authoritarian nationalist political ideology
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The United States & World War II Mr. Pagliaro, Seymour High School, @PagsAPUSH
Ideologies to understand… • Militarism-N-dominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state • Fascism-N-radical, authoritarian nationalist political ideology • Communism-N-movement aiming at classless and stateless society with state ownership of production and the end of wage labor and private property • Totalitarianism-N-a political system where the state, usually under the power of a single political person, faction, or class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible
Growing Threat of War • 1931- Japan conquered Manchuria • 1932 – Stimson Doctrine proclaimed by US • No recognition of territory taken by force • Corresponded to Kellogg-Briand Pact
Hitler’s Rise to Power • 1933-Became Chancellor of Germany • 1934-Named Führer und Reichskanzle • Gleichschaltung ("bringing into line"): • economic Depression • the Versailles treaty • Communism • the "Judeo-Bolsheviks” • other "undesirable" minorities • 1935-Military build up, Luftwaffe, navy
Creation of Axis • 1939-“Pact of Steel”/Rome-Berlin Axis • 1940- Tripartite Pact
Neutrality Acts • Passed in 1935, ‘36, ‘37, and ’39 • Commitment to isolationism • Support from Washington’s Farewell • 1935-Arms embargo to belligerents • 1936-No loans; didn’t cover civil wars • 1937-Arms embargo to Spain (civil war); cash & carry policy • 1939-Aid to help democracy w/ cash & carry • Failed attempts to pass Ludlow Amendment
German Aggression… • 1934-German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact • 1936-39 Aid in Spanish Civil War • 1938- • March:/ Austria annexed to German Third Reich • Sept.: Munich Pact signed by UK, France, Germany, Italy • Gave Czech Sudetenland to Germany
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.
More German Agression • 1939- • Aug: Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact-USSR/Germany-non-aggression • Sept/Oct: Nazis invaded Poland
NON-AGGRESSION PACT • If Hitler had to fight the British and French • Hitler and Stalin sign a non-aggression pact and divide Poland. World War II began
Nazis Invaded France-June 1940 • Blitzkrieg offensive • Elimination of France opened • Denmark • Norway • Netherlands • Belgium • Failed in “Battle of Britain” July-Oct. 1940
BLITZKREIG BLITZKRIEG Step One • Attack with the Luftwaffe (Airforce) • Fighters (air superiority) • Stuka (Dive bombers) • Bombers • Destroy Communications (radio…) • Destroy Transportation (bridges, RR) • Destroy Military Targets (bases, supply)
BLITZKREIG BLITZKRIEG Step Two • Next come the PANZERS (tanks) • Hitler’s military designers had developed extremely advanced tanks. • Their tanks were light years ahead. • Advance very quickly, and destroy any remaining targets that the Luftwaffe had left behind. (Comm, Trans, Military)
BLITZKREIG BLITZKRIEG Step Three • Finally come the infantry • They had been training for several years and these troops were VERY ready. • Hitler’s troops were already battle experienced b/c of the Spanish Civil War. • Their job was to MOP UP anything left.
BLITZKREIG BLITZKRIEG Conclusion • The Blitzkrieg was a style of battle, that had never been seen before. • It was extremely successful, it was so overwhelming that no one had a defense to it. • When other nations saw this attack they were not sure if Hitler was THAT good, or was Poland THAT bad……
HITLER OVERRUNS EUROPE • Cartoonist shows how Hitler walked through Europe unopposed. • Hitler’s “blitzkrieg” military tactics made his armies near impossible to stop.
1940:Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Netherlands and France
American Aid • 1940- • ”Bases for Destroyers” w/ Britain • Convoy system reinstated • 1941- • Lend-Lease Act • Sale of military surplus to Allies • Aid to Britain & USSR • Hitler attacked USSR • Atlantic Charter Signed
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY • December 16, 1940:Do you think it was a mistake for the U.S. to enter the first World War? • Yes: 39% No 42% No opinion 19%
U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941, “US becomes the arsenal of democracy” Great Britain......................$31 billionSoviet Union......................$11 billionFrance...............................$ 3 billionChina.................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
lend lease LEND LEASE The US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay out of war. It was given to Britain during the Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after Hitler’s invasion in 1941 and China. The US became the “arsenal of democracy”.
Back in the states… American policies, elections, and their influence at the time…
Good Neighbor Policy • 1933 – FDR renounced right to intervene in Latin America • 1940 – Havana Conference • US & 20 Latin American allies upheld Monroe Doctrine • Hold off German intervention in orphaned colonies • See cartoon p. 836
German-American Bund • 1930s American-Nazi Association • Attacked: • Roosevelt administration • Jewish influences • Communism • "Moscow-directed" trade unions
“America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh
FDR seeks 3rd term Promised to remain out of war
Jan. 1941- FDR – Four freedoms • Speech; outlined: • Freedom of speech and expression • Freedom of worship • Freedom from want • Freedom from fear
Pearl Harbor & Germany First American entry into World War II
atlantic1 ATLANTIC CHARTER • Nazis invaded USSR, June 1941 • FDR and Winston Churchill meet on the USS Augusta in the North Atlantic to sign the Atlantic Charter, August 12, 1941. • common principles • The hopes for a better futurefor the world.
atlantic1 ATLANTIC CHARTER FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or territory….. SECOND, no territorial changes of land between nations. THIRD,Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government FOURTH,Access to raw materials for all FIFTH,World economic cooperation SIXTH,Freedom from fear and want SEVENTH, freedom of the seas EIGHTH,Disarmament of aggressors NINTH, a United Nations for world peace.
Japan & Pearl Harbor • Japan imported American steel, oil, gas • 1940-Japan invaded Vietnam; FDR Embargo • 1941-Japanese assets frozen; no sale of gas • Japan saw two options • Withdraw from Manchuria • Attack US @ Pearl Harbor
Attempts at Resolution • Japanese Plan A: partial withdrawal from China – 11/6/41 • Japanese Plan B: withdrawal from Vietnam IF… • America provided oil, stopped aid to China, and helped gain supplies from Dutch colonies – 11/14/41 • American Hull Note: Secretary of State Cordell Hull • Immediate full withdrawal from Vietnam & China • End of embargo afterwards – 11/26/41 Japanese fleet set sail to attack Pearl Harbor on Nov. 25, 1941
Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941 • Japanese GoalImmobilize Pacific Fleet • 4 battleships sunk, 4 damaged, 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed, 2,402 men were killed and 1,282 wounded • United States unified for war
DAY OF INFAMY • Approximately 100 ships of the U.S. Navy were present that morning, consisting of battleships, destroyers, cruisers and various support ships. • USS Arizona (BB39) Battleship • USS West Virginia (BB48) Battleship • USS California (BB44) Battleship • USS Oklahoma (BB37) Battleship • USS Nevada (BB36) Battleship • USS Pennsylvania (BB38) Battleship • USS Tennessee (BB43) Battleship • USS Maryland (BB46) Battleship • USS Vestal (AR4) Repair ship • USS Neosho (AO23) Oiler • USS Detroit (CL8) Light cruiser • USS Raleigh (CL7) Light cruiser • USS Utah (AG16) Target Ship • USS Tangier (AV8) Seaplane Tender
DAY OF INFAMY Infamy7
After FDR’s Day of Infamy speechasking for a declaration of war against Japan, Congress approved the declaration…. • FDR signed the declaration of war against Japan on Dec. 8, 1941
Germany First • America vowed to avenge Pearl Harbor • Germany First strategy: • Defeat Germany • Don’t give up Britain/USSR – guarded USA • If Nazis controlled Europe = unconquerable • Full scale assault on Japan
Diplomacy and the Big Three Latin America, Philippines, and United States’ Alliances
Latin America • Based on Good Neighbor Policy • Aid to protect Caribbean
Philippines • Anti-imperialist sentiments in US & islands • US pledged independence movement in 1935 • Gen. D. MacArthur sent to organize military • Battle of the Philipines (1941-42) • Battle of Bataan (1942) Bataan Death March
Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines.