C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

2. C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic Indigenous Taino people (4 million 1492 (1000s by 1540s) Encomienda system? Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices Taino populations gone by mid 16th C Culture preserved through language

4. fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli • the appearance of streaking fire across the sky, • the “boiling,” and later flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan, • a woman weeping in the middle of night • the capturing of an unknown creature with a fishing net, • and the sightings of strange monsters having two heads and only one body throughout the city. • God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned Toltec god) was to return from the East • The emperor Montezuma was said to have consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes of these omens; but they were unable to provide an exact explanation until after the arrival of the Spaniards

6. Spanish arrive Messengers killed Tlaxcala Hernan Cortes Montezuma II Malinche interprets

8. 1520: Death of Montezuma II 1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire 100-200,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan

9. Florentine Codex 1547-1558 Bernardino de Sahagun: Father of modern enthography Bartolome de las Casas: Wrote about abuse of native populations Initially suggested imported Africans for labor

10. Bishop Diego de Landa Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566 During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices (or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many") and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.

11. Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa: The Fall of the Inca Empire 1532-1533 Pizarro had 180 soldiers 60 reinforcements Atahualpa and Huascar Inca army = thousands (Submit and Live, Resist and Die) Battle of Cajamarca 1532 Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, c. 1600. 1572: Spaniards executing Tupac Amaru Last Inca emperor

12. Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala Guaman Poma's great work was the (The First New Chronicle and Good Government), a 1,189-page document.. His book remains the longest sustained critique of Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between 1600 and 1615 and addressed to King Philip II of Spain, the Corónica outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru. The king never received the document.

13. European Explorations

14. Similarities and Differences?

15. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.

16. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America. Differences: S: P: Peninsulares Pensinsulares Creoles (Crillos) MESTIZOS MESTIZOS Mulattos RIGID Hierarchy Zambos Peninsulares owned all -More male dominated the land and power 85% of migrant population was male - more African slaves (1518: first slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil -Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a privileged class - acted like the landed nobility - as long as they contributed to royal revenues, they were left alone Similarities: • - People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule • Mixed race performed much of the manual labor • Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder • Mixed races below on the social hierarchy • Slaves at the bottom

17. The Colonial Class System Born in America/ Iberian parents Peninsulares Creoles Social Organization: Similar or Different from other areas? Mulattos Mestizos African + Spanish/ Portugese Spanish + Natives Zambos? Native Indians Black Slaves

18. Miguel Cabrera: 18th century Zapotec artist…

19. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration established in colonial America.

20. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration established in colonial America. Differences:S: - initially ruled by conquistadores - semi-private regimes that gave way to the Spanish crown -administrative centers in Mexico and Peru governed by viceroys - viceroys were reviewed by audencias haciendas encomienda system eventually replaced by the repartimiento system quinto: Spanish crown claimed 1/5 of all silver produced • P: • Sugar plantations • Portuguese king granted large territories to nobles • Expected nobles to develop their holdings • Dispatched a governor to oversee affairs and enforce • Imperial policy Similarities: • Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight • European style society in the cities • Both developed colonies for economic gain’ • Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible • Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments • - generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle

22. Potosi Quinto? Mita service? Zacatecas: One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado, has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver between 1548 and 1867.

23. 1572

24. European Empires and Colonies In the Americas, 1700

25. North American Populations

26. Export of Tobacco from Virginia

29. A Hacienda in Chile

30. Spanish fort in Florida

31. Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000) imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style: Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single men Portuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race) French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native women = metis English: families come over- less interaction with natives S P I C E 90% of native pop Lost in Latin Am North Am = mostly displacement Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys, encomineda system serves as mechanism for control Brazil: given to nobles by the king Iberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the British or French British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as well as the crown under a mercantilist model Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introduction of smallpox and huge population loss North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later become settled agriculturalists- learn from natives New England: refine sugarcane into molasses for export French: exploit fur resources

32. Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange or diffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on: Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin of Guadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianity more cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no avail Tupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) 1572 : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish Mostly Mexico Not Peru S P I C E Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding none set up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane) Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleons EMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABOR qunito tax Brazil: engenhos English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rum indentured servants as labor pool did not enslave the natives cash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane

33. Vasco da Gama Adam Smith Alfonso d Albuquerque Mercantilism Ferdinand and Isabel Spanish Inquisition Christopher Columbus Copernicus Taino John Locke Hispaniola Thirty Years’ War Motivations for exploration? Peace of Westphalia Columbian Exchange Balance of Power Seven Year’s War Hernan Cortes Manila Galleons Francisco Pizarro James Cook Atahualpa/Huascar Martin Luther viceroys Protestant Reformation audencias John Calvin quinto Henry VIII Potosi Council of Trent peninsluares/mestizos/crillos Louis XIV mulattos/ zambos English East India Company North America: royal backing United East India Company (VOC) encomiendas Indulgences mita Divine Right of Kings indentured servitude

34. Compare the forced labor systems utilized by the Spanish, Portuguese and the English in colonial America.

35. Compare the indigenous response to the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.

36. S P I C E

37. S P I C E

38. Post- 15th Century Trade Routes?

39. 1992 Columbus Quincentenary: Columbus as Hero or Villain? POV?