Essential Elements in Data Analysis

1. AnalyseBreak down in order to bring out the essential elements or structure. (To identify parts and relationships, and to interpret information to reach conclusions.) Analyse the data in the graph to find the link between Temperature and Rate of CO2 production

2. AnnotateAdd brief notes to a diagram or graph. An annotated diagram showing how vacuum filtration works

3. ApplyUse knowledge and understanding in response to a given situation or real circumstances. Use an idea, equation, principle, theory or law in relation to a given problem or issue. Which separation techniques, and in which order, would you apply in order to separate the mixture of water, sand and salt?

4. CalculateObtain a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working. If 10g of methane is burned, and produces 19.8g water, calculate the percentage yield of the process.

5. ClassifyArrange or order by class or category. Classify the substances shown on the right as metals or non-metals, based on the information provided

6. CommentGive a judgment based on a given statement or result of a calculation. You can see data from an experiment into how well different surfaces absorb heat. Comment upon the quality of data collected.

7. ConstructDisplay information in a diagrammatic or logical form. Construct a graph from the data in the table. The experiment looks at how long a reaction lasts between a 1cm magnesium strip and 100cm3 nitric acid.

8. DefineGive the precise meaning of a word, phrase, concept or physical quantity. Define the following terms: Activation Energy: the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. Atomic Number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Boiling Point: the temperature at which a liquid boils and vaporization occurs throughout the liquid

9. DemonstrateMake clear by reasoning or evidence, illustrating with examples or practical application.DescribeGive a detailed account or picture of a situation, event, pattern or process. Question: Describe how Bob can demonstrate to Stephen that carbon dioxide is being made when a spatula of limestone granules are added to 15cm3sulfuric acid in a boiling tube. Stephen and Bob are having an argument. Stephen thinks that we can never say when carbon dioxide is made in a chemical reaction, since it is invisible, so you cannot see it being made.

10. Standard Compound DetermineObtain the only possible answer. Cocaine In a forensics lab, Gas Liquid Chromatography is used to determine the identity of drugs and poisons in people’s bodies.

11. DocumentCredit sources of information used by referencing (or citing), following one recognized referencing system. References should be included in the text and also at the end of the piece of work in a reference list or bibliography. "Consumer Reports Magazine: March 2009." Interior Paints: Which Low VOC Paint Is Best? Consumer Reports Magazine, Feb. 2009. Web. 24 May 2015. Find three different opinions on the use of organic compounds in household products. Document your sources of information.

12. DrawRepresent by means of a labelled, accurate diagram or graph, using a pencil. A ruler (straight edge) should be used for straight lines. Diagrams should be drawn to scale. Graphs should have points correctly plotted (if appropriate) and joined in a straight line or smooth curve. Draw a dot and cross diagram showing the bonding present in SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride)

13. * 1 mole has a mass of 325g therefore a volume of 325cm3. * There are around 6x1023 molecules in one mole * So, there are 6x1023 molecules in 325cm3 * Volume of 1 molecule = 325cm3 / 6x1023 * Volume of 1 molecule = 5×10-22 cm3 EstimateObtain an approximate value for an unknown quantity. Estimate the volume of a molecule of Methyl Orange. You can assume that Methyl Orange has a density of 1gcm-3 and a molar mass of 325 gmol-1

14. Validity is all about Accuracy, Fairness and Precision. Reliability is all about Averages, Avoiding Anomalies and Repeating Experiments. Don’t forget sufficient relevant data! Start with positives and negatives Finish with “overall” judgement EvaluateMake an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations. Evaluate the reliability and validity of the data collected in your experiment.

15. At higher temperatures particles have more kinetic energy The acid particles collide more frequently with the calcium carbonate particles Collisions have more energy (on average), and therefore are more likely to be successful This means that per second there are more successful collisions. Hence, a higher rate of reaction ExplainGive a detailed account including reasons and causes. (See also “Justify”.) Explain why the initial rate of reaction between Nitric Acid and Calcium Carbonate is higher at 100ºC than at 75ºC.

16. FindObtain an answer showing relevant stages in the working. Basically, this is calculate, but you really have to show your working very clearly. You are normally working out a value using a formula you have learnt in class.

17. Sara would like to find out more about the way that metals react She has access to the following metals; Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Magnesium, Calcium and Aluminium She also has access to Water, Hydrochloric acid and Sulfuric acid. FormulateExpress precisely and systematically the relevant concept(s) or argument(s). Use the information to formulate a research question. “How does the concentration of Sulfuric acid affect it’s rate of reaction with Calcium metal?”

18. IdentifyProvide an answer from a number of possibilities. Recognize and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature. Identify the most commonly found for of trash on beaches.

19. InterpretUse knowledge and understanding to recognize trends and draw conclusions from given information. Picture 1 How would you interpret the changes shown between the two pictures? Picture one is a fresh piece of Copper metal. Picture 2 shows the same piece after a year outside. Picture 2

20. JustifyGive valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion. (See also “Explain”). I would use a 2cm3 graduated pipette since it can measure accurately to the nearest 0.1cm3. You are asked to measure 1.2cm3 water into a test tube. State which piece of equipment you would use and justify your answer.

21. LabelAdd title, labels or brief explanation(s) to a diagram or graph. Here you can see how the pH changes when Ethanoicacid is titrated against Sodium Hydroxide. Label the equivalence point with an “X”

22. ListGive a sequence of brief answers with no explanation. Ethanol Mercury Water Decane List 4 substances that are liquid at room temperature

23. MeasureObtain a value for a quantity. Using the scale shown in the picture, measure the volume of liquid which has left the burette, assuming that it was initially filled to 0.00cm3

24. 10ml 3cL 0.1dm3 850cm3 OrganizePut ideas and information into a proper or systematic order. Organize the quantities below in order of increasing volume. Put the smallest at the top and the largest at the bottom. 850cm3 0.1dm3 3cL 10ml 1dm3 = 1000cm3 1L = 1000ml 1cL = 10ml 1ml = 1cm3, 1L = 1dm3

25. Covalent bonding happens between non-metal elements. These are elements with four or more electrons in their outer energy level, making it hard for them to form ions. Instead of gaining or losing electrons to gain a full outer energy level, they overlap their energy levels and share electrons. OutlineGive a brief account or summary. Outline what causes covalent bonds to form

26. PlotMark the position of points on a diagram. Data points are plotted on line graphs when your X and Y axis values are continuous

27. PresentOffer for display, observation, examination or consideration. A well made poster allows you to present an experiment, system or concept to your audience

28. RecallRemember or recognize from prior learning experiences. In your science tests, the 1-2 and 3-4 level questions are mainly about recall. These are questions you can answer if you’ve memorized your notes. These tend to be questions where you have to identify, state, outline and describe

29. SelectChoose from a list or group. Select the measurement tool which would allow Sara to collect relevant data. A – Litmus Paper B – A centrifuge C – A mass balance D – a pH probe Sara has decided to measure how quickly pH changes (increases) when Sodium metal reacts with Water.

30. ShowGive the steps in a calculation or derivation. In calculations, you will sometimes be asked to show your working. Use your working out to tell the story of how you got from the facts at the start to the answer at the end.

31. SketchRepresent by means of a diagram or graph (labelled as appropriate). The sketch should give a general idea of the required shape or relationship, and should include relevant features. In your hypothesis it can be a great idea to sketch the graph of the results that you expect. Here, you only need to provide a title, label the axes and sketch the shape of the line you expect.

32. The answer is 9 (4 + 3+ 2) When you only state the answer, then you “solve”. Normally in Science, we prefer you to calculate and show working ;) SolveObtain the answer(s) using appropriate methods. Given the unbalanced equation: Al + O2Al2O3 When this equation is completely balanced using the smallest whole numbers, what is the sum of the coefficients?

33. StateGive a specific name, value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation. Answers! Mg He Au K These answers are stated. State the symbols which represent the following elements: Magnesium Helium Gold Potassium

34. SummarizeAbstract a general theme or major point(s). Light elements like hydrogen gathered at the center of stars When stars exploded in supernovae, a number of the light atoms were forced together into one big atom. Elements like iron were created in this way. Sharing it’s name with a popular TV Show, the Big Bang Theory is also well known. Summarize the process by which heavy elements were created.

35. VerifyProvide evidence that validates the result. In labs, sometimes more than one group does the same experiment. If your results agree with those of another groups, you can verify their findings.

36. Write downObtain the answer(s), usually by extracting information. Little or no calculation is required. Working does not need to be shown. This is like stating an answer. If you need to “write down” a value or answer, usually only a few words are needed. Often, you need to write down information you have selected from a long text.