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Scaffolding Writing for ELL Students. From BICS …. BICS - Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills Everyday communication Language of basic needs e.g. shopping, greetings Conversational -> colloquial May rely on ritualised exchanges e.g. How are you?
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From BICS … BICS- Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills • Everyday communication • Language of basic needs e.g. shopping, greetings • Conversational -> colloquial • May rely on ritualised exchanges e.g. How are you? • Acquired unconsciously in everyday situations
… to CALP CALP - Cognitive Academic language Proficiency • Classroom language • Language for learning and assessment needs e.g. explain, analyse, summarise • Mainly reading and writing • Highly specialised specific to subject areas • Needs to be taught, practised and learnt
The theory… BICS “Context embedded” and “cognitively undemanding” CALP “context reduced” and “cognitively demanding”
The scaffold… • Stage 1 Doing an experiment • Stage 2 Introducing Key Vocabulary • Stage 3 Teacher guided reporting • Stage 4 Journal writing
The readings… • Baker, C. (2006). Cognitive theories of bilingualism and the curriculum In Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism, 4th ed. pp. 166-186. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters. • Gibbons, P. (2002). Reading in a Second Language. Scaffolding Language Scaffolding Learning. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, pp.77-101.
Make it relevant… • Get into department groups – large departments may split up into smaller groups, smaller departments may join with others • Identify the more complex writing requirements of your department • How could you scaffold students from conversational discussion to formal writing?