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Pigeon Fever

Pigeon Fever. Controversial. Feared. Misunderstood. A pain in the behind. Etiology. Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis Soil-borne, gram-positive, bacillus, intracellular, facultative anaerobe Cultures in ~48 hours 2 biotypes Biovar equi Multiple strains Biovar ovis Multiple strains.

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Pigeon Fever

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  1. Pigeon Fever

  2. Controversial

  3. Feared

  4. Misunderstood

  5. A pain in the behind

  6. Etiology • Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis • Soil-borne, gram-positive, bacillus, intracellular, facultative anaerobe • Cultures in ~48 hours • 2 biotypes • Biovar equi • Multiple strains • Biovar ovis • Multiple strains

  7. Epidemiology • 3 general forms • External abscesses 96% • Internal abscesses 2% • Ulcerative lymphangitis 2% • Cellulitis with multiple draining lesions • Entry via abrasions and/or wounds to the skin or mucous membranes • Summer sores (ventral midline dermatitis) • Horses, cattle, humans, sheep, goats

  8. Epidemiology • Transmission • Horse to horse contact • Insects • “Other” vectors • Contaminated soil • “Contagious” • Not as bad as Strangles • Absolute quarantine not required • Survival times • Up to 2 months in hay or shavings • More than 8 months in the soil

  9. Epidemiology • Yearly fluctuations • Herd immunity • Environmental factors • Rainfall • Temperature • Hot, dry • Not definitively determined at this time • All breeds, all ages are at risk

  10. Risk factors • Appropriate environmental conditions • map review • <5 years or age • Horses in contact with others on summer pastures • Horses housed outside or with access to an outside paddock > stabled horses

  11. Pathogenesis • Incubation period • 7 to 28 days • Intracellular survival • Toxins reduce disease fighting abilities • Similar to that produced by the Brown Recluse spider • Recovery • 2 to 4 weeks • Although rare, horses can develop persistent recurrent infections lasting for more than 1 year

  12. External Abscesses • Clinical signs • Edema - 100% of the time • Lameness or stiffness • 100% of the time • location, location • Anorexia - general malaise • Fever ~25% of the time • Weight loss • Non-healing wounds

  13. External Abscesses Location…

  14. Internal Abscesses • Clinical signs • Consistent with the involved organ or area • Changes in lab work • Blood • Abdominal fluid • Thoracic fluid • Urine • Serology • Most commonly found in the liver or lungs

  15. Internal Abscesses

  16. Internal Abscesses

  17. Diagnosis • Index of suspicion • Culture • Gold standard • Ultrasonography • Serology • Internal abscesses

  18. Ultrasonography

  19. Treatment • Time • “You want me to..............wait?!” • Yeah… • lets allow the abscess to “cook” for a bit • Drainage • Ultrasound guidance • Determine vascularity, depth, site

  20. Treatment • Antibiotics • Variable • Penicillins, Sulfas • Rifampin, Doxycycline • Antiinflammatories • Bute, Banamine, Equioxx, Dexamethasone • Hydrotherapy • Cold or warm

  21. Survival Rates • <1% mortality rate associated with external abscessation with treatment • 30 to 40% mortality rate associated with internal abscessation with treatment • 100% without • Ulcerative lymphangitis • Similar mortality to internal abscesses

  22. Long-term recovery • In some horses, it can take up to 1 year for them to fully recover from the effects of pigeon fever • Some horses will never fully recover from the effects of pigeon fever • They die • They are chronically lame • They can suffer irreversible damage to vital organs

  23. Any questions?

  24. Up Coming Classes September 30th Veterinary Medicine 101: I want to be a veterinarian October 7th Forelimb Lameness 21st Hindlimb Lameness November 4th Colic and GI Disease 18th Respiratory Disease December 2nd Disease Recognition

  25. Thanks for your time

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