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Introduction to Photovoltaics. Dennis Scanlin Appalachian State University. Photovoltaic History. 1839 Edmund Becquerel - first recognized the effect. Early PV milestones. 1839 – discovery of the photovoltaic effect; 1873 – Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium
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Introduction to Photovoltaics Dennis Scanlin Appalachian State University
Photovoltaic History 1839 Edmund Becquerel - first recognized the effect
Early PV milestones 1839 – discovery of the photovoltaic effect; 1873 – Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium 1883 – Fritts develops first selenium cell (1% efficient) 1904 – Einstein published his paper on the photoelectric effect (along with a paper on his theory of relativity) 1921 – Albert Einstein wins the Nobel Prize for his theories (1904 paper) explaining the photoelectric effect Albert Einstein
P-N Junction & 1st cells Technology Developed at Bell Labs in 1940’s & 50’s Patented 1st modern solar cell called a “Light sensitive device”
Vanguard I - first PV powered satellite Launched in 1958; 4th artificial satellite solar panel: 0.1W, 100 cm² Still orbiting; longest orbiting artificial satellite $1000/watt
Contemporary Applications:Direct Power Water Pumping or Air Moving
Types of PV Cells/Products Single Crystalline Polycrystalline String Ribbon Amorphous or Thin Film
Best Research-Cell Efficiencies Spectrolab Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic) Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized) Emerging PVOrganic cells 36 Spectrolab Japan Energy 32 NREL/ Spectrolab NREL 28 NREL UNSW UNSW 24 UNSW Spire UNSW NREL Cu(In,Ga)Se2 14x concentration UNSW Stanford Spire UNSW Georgia Tech ARCO 20 NREL Efficiency (%) Sharp Georgia Tech Westing- house Varian NREL NREL NREL 16 UniversitySo. Florida NREL No. Carolina StateUniversity NREL AstroPower Euro-CIS Boeing Solarex ARCO Boeing 12 Kodak Boeing UnitedSolar AMETEK Masushita United Solar AstroPower Kodak Boeing 8 Monosolar Photon Energy RCA Solarex University California Berkeley Boeing Princeton University of Maine 4 RCA RCA UniversityKonstanz RCA RCA RCA NREL RCA 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 026587136