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Primates

Primates. Anthropology. Primatology. Mammalian Characteristics. Fur covering body Endothermy Viviparous Mammary glands Omnivorous -Specialized teeth. Primate Characteristics. Opposable thumbs Prehensile (Grasping) hands & feet

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Primates

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  1. Primates Anthropology

  2. Primatology

  3. Mammalian Characteristics • Fur covering body • Endothermy • Viviparous • Mammary glands • Omnivorous -Specialized teeth

  4. Primate Characteristics • Opposable thumbs • Prehensile (Grasping) hands & feet • Forward facing eyes (Stereoscopic vision determines depth perception) • Large cerebrums • Clavicle (Allows arms to increase in mobility) • Prehensile tail • Rotating forearm • Color vision • Singular births (Quality, not quantity)

  5. Primate Social Features • Diurnal • Long dependency period (Allows infants to observe & learn) • Play or imitation (Important for learning, practicing skills)

  6. Primate Phylogeny

  7. Primate Classification Prosimians – premonkeys • Lemurs • Lorises • Tarsiers Anthropoids New world monkeys (Platyrrhines) Old world monkeys (Catarrhines) • Lesser apes (Gibbons & Siamangs) • Great apes (Orangutans, gorillas, & Chimpanzees • Humans

  8. Prosimian Traits • Better sense of smell than vision (Use scent glands or urine to mark territory) • Mobile ears • Longer snouts • Single offspring (twins are common in some species) • Quadrupedal • Vertical clinging & leaping • Arboreal • Nocturnal

  9. Prosimian Types SUBORDER - Strepsirhines (Wet nosed) All have a dental comb (Tightly clustered incisors & canine teeth—used for grooming) FOUND IN MADAGASCAR • Lemurs (vegetarians, females dominate males for food) • Indris • Aye-ayes FOUND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA • Loris (Slow, hand over hand, quadrupedal movement) • Bushbabies (Quick, active, kangaroo hop on the ground) SUBORDER - Haplorhines (Dry nosed) FOUND IN PHILIPPINES & INDONESIA Tarsiers – Carnivorous, named from elongated tarsal bones Bushbaby

  10. Madagascar

  11. Southeast asia Philippines

  12. Prosimians

  13. Lemurs

  14. Indris

  15. Aye-Ayes

  16. Lorises Walk slowly, hand over hand Also vertical leapers

  17. Bushbabies Family : Galagonidae

  18. Tarsiers

  19. Anthropoids Types • Humans • Apes • Monkeys Traits • Rounded braincase • Non-mobile outer ears • Small flat faces without muzzles • Highly developed placenta • Dextrous hands • Grouping • Platyrrhines – New world monkeys (Central & South Americas) • Catarrhines – Old world monkeys (Africa, Asia, & Europe)

  20. Platyrrhines • “New world” • Have broad flat-bridged noses • Nostrils facing outward • Most have prehensile tail • Completely arboreal Two groups • Marmosets • Tamarins • Cebid monkeys

  21. Marmosets & Tamarins • Very small • Have claws instead of nails • Give birth to twins • Some Monogamy, others Polyandry • Omnivores (fruit, tree sap, insects) • Fathers aid in parental care (carrying of young)

  22. Marmosets Name means a grotesque figure or ugly little boy genera: Callithrix

  23. Tamarins

  24. Cebids • Larger than marmosets • Single offspring • Ominvores Capuchin monkey Howler monkeys

  25. Cebids • New world monkeys • Preyed on by ocelots and jaguars • Communicate by urinating on themselves and rubbing a tree • Thumbs that cannot grip against the fingers

  26. Catarrhines • “Old world” = CERCOPITHECOIDS • Some arboreal, some terrestrial, some both

  27. Colobine Monkeys • Asian langurs • African colobus Langur Monkey

  28. Colobus

  29. Colobine Monkeys • Arboreal • Herbivorous – leaves & seeds • Mothers allow other group members to care for their infants shortly after birth • Males not in group will kill infants

  30. CercopithecineMonkeys Exhibit sexual dimorphism • Males larger than females • Males have longer canine teeth • Males are more aggressive • Depend more on fruit than colobine monkeys • Have cheek pouches to carry/store food • Have ischial callosities to make sitting in trees or land for a long time more comfortable, and for sexual displays Mandrillus sphinx

  31. Mandrill Baboons

  32. Japanese & RhesusMacaques

  33. Ischial Callosities (Callouses)

  34. Hominoids • Lesser apes – hylobates • Great apes – pongids • Humans – hominids General Traits • Large brains (Cerebral cortex) • Long arms • Short, broad trunks • No tails

  35. Hylobates – Lesser apes Gibbons & Siamangs • Omnivores (Fruit, leaves, & insects) • Brachiators • Monogamous • No sexual dimorphism

  36. Gibbons

  37. Siamangs • Name means “Dwells in trees”

  38. Pongids • Orangutans • Gorillas • Chimpanzees

  39. Orangutans • Found only in Sumatra & Borneo • Name means people of the forest • Sexually dimorphic (Males ~200 lbs larger with cheek pads, throat pouches, and beards) • Heaviest arboreal primates • Eat mainly fruit Live solitary lives • Maybe due to lack of food • Maybe easier to hide from human predators • Maybe large size prevents natural predation, so no need to live in groups

  40. Gorilla • Herbivorous • Have unique nose prints • Largest of the apes (Males up to 450 lbs and females up to 250 lbs) • Knuckle walking to distribute weight • Dominant male called a silverback • Average adult male eats 50 lbs of food per day

  41. Chimpanzees • From the genus Pan • Arboreal & terrestrial (move best on the ground) • Uses tools such as leaves for personal hygiene or drinking water • Have ability to learn sign language • Eat lizards, birds and actively hunt larger animals (Colobus monkeys & baboons) • Knuckle-walk

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