Spectrum of CHL Dyons (II)

1. Spectrum of CHL Dyons (II) Atish Dabholkar Tata Institute of Fundamental Research First Asian Winter School Phoenix Park

2. Dyon Partition Function • Recall that dyon degeneracies for ZN CHL orbifolds are given in terms of the Fourier coefficients of a dyon partition function • We would like to understand the physical origin and consequences of the modular properties of k Korea

3. Dyon degeneracies Korea

4. The complex number (, , v) naturally group together into a period matrix of a genus-2 Riemann surface • k is a Siegel modular form of weight k of a subgroup of Sp(2, Z) with Korea

5. Sp(2, Z) • 4 £ 4 matrices g of integers that leave the symplectic form invariant: where A, B, C, D are 2£ 2 matrices. Korea

6. Genus Two Period Matrix • Like the  parameter of a torus transforms by fractional linear transformations Korea

7. Siegel Modular Forms • k() is a Siegel modular form of weight k and level N if under elements of a specific subgroup G0(N) of Sp(2, Z) Korea

8. Three Consistency Checks • All d(Q) are integers. • Agrees with black hole entropy including sub-leading logarithmic correction, log d(Q) = SBH • d(Q) is S-duality invariant. Korea

9. Questions 1) Why does genus-two Riemann surface play a role in the counting of dyons? The group Sp(2, Z) cannot fit in the physical U-duality group. Why does it appear? 2) Is there a microscopic derivation that makes modular properties manifest? Korea

10. 3) Are there restrictions on the charges for which genus two answer is valid? 4) Formula predicts states with negative discriminant. But there are no corresponding black holes. Do these states exist? Moduli dependence? 5) Is the spectrum S-duality invariant? Korea

11. String Webs • Quarter BPS states of heterotic on T4£ T2 is described as a string web of (p, q) strings wrapping the T2 in Type-IIB string on K3 £ T2 and left-moving oscillations. • The strings arise from wrapping various D3, D5, NS5 branes on cycles of K3 Korea

12. Heterotic $ Type-II Duality • Heterotic on T4$ IIA on K3 • With T6 = T4£ T2 • Then the T-duality group that is • The part acting on the T2 factor is Korea

13. String-String Triality • The three groups are interchanged for heterotic, Type-IIA and Type-IIB Korea

14. Type-IIB • The S field in heterotic gets mapped to the T field in Type-IIB which is the complex structure modulus of the T2in the IIB frame.The S-duality group thus becomes a geometric T-duality group in IIB. Description of dyons is very simple. • Electric states along a-cycle and magnetic states along the b-cycle of the torus. Korea

15. Half-BPS states • For example, a half-BPS electric state corresponds to say a F1-string or a D1-string wrapping the a cycle of the torus. • The dual magnetic state corresponds to the F1-string or a D-string wrapping the b-cycle of the torus. • A half-BPS dyon would be a string wrapping diagonally. Korea

16. Quarter-BPS • Quarter-BPS dyons are described by (p, q) string webs. • The basic ingredient is a string junction where an F1-string and a D1-string can combine in to a (1, 1) string which is a bound state of F1 and D1 string. • More general (p, 0) and (q, o) can combine into a (p, q) string. Korea

17. String junction tension balance Korea

18. Supersymmetry • Such a junction is quarter-BPS if tensions are balanced. • More generally we can have strands of various effective strings for example K3-wrapped D5 or NS5 string with D3-branes dissolved in their worldvolumes. • A Qe string can combine with Qm string into a Qe+Qm string. Korea

19. String Web • String junction exists in non-compact space. We can consider a string web constructed from a periodic array of string junctions. By taking a fundamental cell we can regard it as a configuration on a torus. • The strands of this configuration can in addition carry momentum and oscillations. Lengths of strands depend torus moduli. Korea

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21. Effective Strings • Note that the 28 charges in heterotic string arise from wrapped D3-branes, D5, NS-branes etc. • A general strand can be a D5 brane or an NS-5 brane with fluxes turned on two cycles of the K3 which corresponds to D3-brane charges. • In M-theory both D5 and NS lift to M5. Korea

22. M-theory $ IIB • M-theory on a is dual to IIB on S1 • Type-IIB has an SL(2, Z)B in ten dimensions under which NS5 and D5 branes are dual. It corresponds to the geometric SL(2, Z)M action on the M-torus. • So NS5 in IIB is M5 wrapping a cycle and D5 is M5 wrapping the b cycle of M-torus. Korea

23. M-lift of String Webs Korea

24. Partition Function • To count the left-moving fluctuations of the string web, we evaluate the partition function by adding a Euclidean circle and evolving it along the time direction. • This makes the string web into a Euclidean diagram which is not smooth in string theory at the junctions but is smooth in M-theory. Korea

25. Genus-2 world-sheet is worldvolume of Euclidean M5 brane with various fluxes turned on wrapping K3 £ T2. The T2 is holomorphically embedded in T4 (by Abel map). It can carry left-moving oscillations. • K3-wrapped M5-brane is the heterotic string. So we are led to genus-2 chiral partition fn of heterotic counting its left-moving BPS oscillations. Korea

26. Genus one gives electric states • Electric partition function is just a genus-one partition function of the left-moving heterotic string because in this case the string web are just 1-dimensional strands of M5 brane wrapped on K3 £ S1 • K3-wrapped M5 brane is dual to the heterotic string. Korea

27. Genus-two gives dyons • Genus-2 determinants are complicated. One needs determinants both for bosons and ghosts. But the total partition function of 26 left-moving bosons and ghosts can be deduced from modular properties. Korea

28. Theta function at genus g • Here are g-dimensional vectors with entries as (0, ½). Half characteristics. • There are 16 such theta functions at genus 2. • Characteristic even or odd if is even or odd. At genus 2, there are 10 even and 6 odd. Korea

29. Microscopic Derivation For orbifolds, requred twisted determinants can be explicitly evaluated using orbifold techniques (N=1,2 or k=10, 6) to obtain Korea

30. S-duality Invariance • The physical S-duality group can be embedded into the Sp(2, Z) Korea

31. Invariance • From the transformation properties its clear that k is invariant because • Furthermore the measure of inverse Fourier transform is invariant. • However the contour of integration changes which means we have to expand around different points. Korea

32. S-duality • Different expansion for different charges. Consider a function with Z2 symmetry. Korea

33. S-dual Prescription • Here the meaning of Z2 invariance is that the Laurent expansion around y is the same as the Laurent expansion around y-1 • The prescription is then to define the degeneracies by the Laurent expansions for `primitive charges’. • For all other charges related to the primitive charges by S-duality. Korea

34. Higher genus contributions • For example if then • Now genus three contribution is possible. • The condition gcd =1 is equivalent to the condition Q1 and Q5 be relatively prime. Korea

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36. Dual graph • Face goes to a point in the dual graph. • Two points in the dual graph are connected by vector if they are adjacent. • The vector is equal in length but perpendicular to the common edge. • String junction goes to a triangle. Korea

37. If one can insert a triangle at a string junction then the junction can open up and a higher genus web is possible. • Adding a face in the web is equivalent to adding a lattice point in the dual graph. • If the fundamental parellelogram has unit area then it does not contain a lattice point. • is the area tensor. Unit area means gcd of all its components is one. Korea

38. Negative discriminant states • Consider a charge configuration • Degeneracy d(Q) = N Korea

39. Big Black Holes • Define the discriminant which is the unique quartic invariant of SL(2) £ SO(22, 6) • Only for positive discriminant, big black hole exists with entropy given by Korea

40. Two centered solution • One electric center with • One magnetic center with • Field angular momentum is N/2 Korea

41. Supergravity Analysis • The relative distance between the two centers is fixed by solving Denef’s constraint. • Angular momentum quantization gives (2 J +1) » N states in agreement with the microscopic prediction. • Intricate moduli dependence. Korea

42. CHL Orbifolds D=4 and N=4 • Models with smaller rank but same susy. • For example, a Z2 orbifold by {1,  T} •  flips E8 factors so rank reduced by 8. • T is a shift along the circle, X ! X +  R so twisted states are massive. • Fermions not affected so N =4 susy. Korea

43. Z2 Orbifold • Bosonic realization of E8£ E8 string • Orbifold action flips X and Y. Korea

44. Prym periods • Prym differentials are differentials that are odd across the branch cut • Prym periods Korea

45. Twisted determinants • We have 8 bosons that are odd. So the twisted partition function is Korea

46. X ! –X and X ! X +  R • Boson X » X + 2 R at self-radius Exploit the enhanced SU(2) symmetry (Jx, Jy, Jz) = (cos X, sin X, X) • X ! –X (Jx, Jy, Jz) ! (Jx, -Jy, -Jz) • X! X +  R (Jx, Jy, Jz) ! (-Jx, -Jy, Jz) Korea

47. Orbifold = Circle Korea

48. Express the twisted determinant in terms of the untwisted determinant and ratios of momentum lattice sums. • Lattice sums in turn can be expressed in terms of theta functions. • This allows us to express the required ratio of determinants in terms of ratio of theta functions. Korea

49. Schottky Relations Korea

50. Multiplying the untwisted partition fn with the ratios of determinants and using some theta identities we get • Almost the right answer except for the unwanted dependence on Prym Korea