CHAPTER 9 INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY

1. CHAPTER 9INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY

2. Intelligence and Creativity • What Is Intelligence? • Adaptive thinking or actions (Piaget) • Ability to think abstractly, solve problems? • Characteristics of Intelligence • Genetic determination about 50% • Environmental influence about 50% • Creativity: Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context, valued by others

3. The Psychometric Approach • A trait – can be identified, measured • A single attribute? Spearman • Many attributes? Thurstone • Seven primary mental abilities • Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning • IQ tests and IQ score - Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests attempt to measure an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings.

4. Cattell and Horn • Fluid Intelligence: Decreases in older adults • Used to solve novel problems • Skills: reasoning, seeing relationships, inferences, • Free of cultural influences • Crystallized Intelligence: Increases with age • Knowledge from experiences (learned) • General information, vocabulary, etc.

5. Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences • Not measured with IQ tests: 8 types 1) Linguistic 2) Logical-mathematical 3) Musical 4) Spatial 5) Bodily-kinesthetic 6) Interpersonal 7) Intrapersonal 8) Naturalist

6. Savant Syndrome • Extraordinary talent in one area • Otherwise mentally retarded • Musical, artistic, calculation abilities

7. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory • Practical (Contextual) Component • Adapting to the environment • “Street smart,” age group, culture, etc. • Creative (Experiential) Component • Response to novelty • Analytical (Componential)Component • Information processing • Efficiency of strategies • Intelligent answers, not correct ones!! • How well can you succeed in life?

8. Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

9. The Stanford-Binet IQ Test • The “standard” in traditional IQ testing • Age-graded items used • Older Version: Concept of mental age (MA) • IQ = MA/CA X 100 • MA- mental age • CA – chronological age • IQ score of 100 is average • 12 year old child who has a MA of 10 has an IQ of… • 10 year old child who has a MA of 14 has an IQ of…

10. The Wechsler Scales (IQ Test) • Widely Used Today • WPPSI: ages 3-8 • WISC-IV: ages 6-16 • WAIS-IV: adults • Five IQ Scores Derived • Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) • Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) • Working Memory Index (WMI) • Processing Speed Index (PSI) • Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), based on the total combined performance of the VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI

11. WAIS

12. Normal Distribution Normal Distribution

13. The Infant • Developmental Quotient (DQ) • Bayley Scales: Ages 2-30 months • Correlations with Child IQ are low to zero • Useful for diagnostic purposes • Best Predictors of IQ • Measures of information processing • e.g., attention, speed of habituation, preference for novelty

14. The Child • DQ does not predict later IQ • IQ at age 4 predicts later IQ • IQ Gains Due to: • Parents who foster achievement • Neither strict nor lax parenting • IQ Drops: Poverty • Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis

16. The Adolescent • Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 (puberty) • Formal operational thinking • Improved memory and processing skills • Stability of IQ evident • IQ score a good predictor of school achievement

17. The Adult • Strong Relationships Between: • IQ and occupational prestige • IQ and job performance • IQ and good health/longevity • IQ decline by age 80 (longitudinal studies) • C-S studies show cohort effects • Fluid IQ peaks at about age 24 • Crystallized (verbal) unchanged until 80’s

18. Predictors of Gains and Decline • Decline: Poor health, unstimulating lifestyle • Gain (or maintain) • Above average SES • Intact marriages • Intellectually capable spouses • Active lifestyles • “Use it or lose it!”

19. Factors that Influence IQ • The Flynn Effect: Increases in IQ generally • Genes: Accounts for half (Twin studies) • Home environment; higher SES helps • Environment is powerful • Parental involvement and stimulation • Firstborn, smaller family are advantages • Racial and ethnic differences • Stereotype threat • Culture bias in IQ test (need more culture-free tests)

20. Raven’s Progressive Matrices • Psychologists created “culture-reduced” tests without language. It tests abstract reasoning ability (non-verbal intelligence or performance IQ)

21. Mental Retardation • Below-average intellectual functioning: IQ 70 • Limited adaptive behavior: Before age 18 • Self-care and social skills (ADL’s) • Below age-appropriate expectations • Causes • Organic: e.g., Down syndrome • Cultural-familial: genes & environment

23. Giftedness • High IQ • Special abilities: math, arts, leadership • Renzuli: combination high IQ, creativity, and task commitment • Can be identified by 18 months • Terman’s “Termites” • Remarkable into adulthood • Well adjusted

24. Creativity • Ability to produce novel responses • Divergent thinking: A variety of solutions • Convergent Thinking • Focusing on best solution • Measured by IQ test

25. Creativity in Childhood and Adolescence • Freedom, originality, humor, violence, playfulness • More fantasy and pretend play • More open to new experience • Little genetic influence: Related to home • Value nonconformity and independence • Encouragement of curiosity and playfulness • Freedom to explore independently

26. Creative Achievement in Adulthood • Increases in the 20’s, 30’s, and early 40’s • Then declines • Peak Times Vary by Fields • Humanities scholars peak in 60’s • Artists peak in 30’s and 40’s • Scientists peak from 40’s to 70’s • Enthusiasm and experience required.