American History Review

1. American History Review

3. Puritans seeking religious freedom Write the Mayflower Compact – 1st written government Intolerant of others Powhatan in Virginia Many die from European diseases Different views on land ownership Get along better with French in Canada Settled by Dutch & Germans Quakers in PA & Huguenots & Jews in NY Religious toleration & middle class Good relations with Indians Jamestown – 1st permanent English colony Established by the Virginia Company Settled by English cavaliers looking to make money Strong ties to England

4. Athenian direct democracy with Town hall meetings Democratic principals House of Burgesses – elected assembly Middle Passage to America Tobacco/cotton are labor intensive crops on plantations Replace Indentured Servants as labor force Evangelical Revival across the colonies in 1700’s Jonathan Edwards – famous preacher Methodists and Baptists and challenge order. Lays social foundations for the American Revolution

5. “Natural rights of Life, liberty, and property can not be taken away. Power comes from the consent of the governed – a social contract.” – English philosopher who most influenced Founders. Thomas Paine – author of Common Sense pamphlet Encourages Revolution John Locke

6. Written by Thomas Jefferson Uses ideas of Locke & Paine List of grievances against the king “We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal” Equal voting rights to women & African-Americans Liberty – eventually abolishing slavery, civil rights Regulating free enterprise, economics Proclamation of 1763 – bans settlement west of Appalachian Mnts. Stamp Act – tax on paper used to pay costs of French & Indian War Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre 1st Continental Congress – all colonies except Georgia act together for 1st time

7. Sam Adams Leads the minutemen who fight Brits at Lexington & Concord Ben Franklin – secures alliance with France Want independence Provide troops Tories loyal England, economic & cultural ties Many stay uninvolved as possible George Washington leadership keeps the army together Patrick Henry “Give me liberty or give death” Alliance with France War was unpopular in England Washington avoids major defeats French navy’s help at Yorktown ends the war in victory

8. Weak national government no power to tax Common currency Executive or judicial branch 1 vote regardless of size President

9. George Washington – chairman James Madison – Father of the Constitution, wrote The Virginia Plan Big states vs. smalls states Slaves counting toward population 3 Branches of Government 2 House Legislature (Senate & House) 3/5 Compromise on slavery George Mason’s human rights for Virginia Thomas Jefferson states for religious freedom and separate of church and state Strong National government Promote economic development See government’s role in solving national problems Madison & Washington

10. 3 Branches of Government 2 House Legislature (Senate & House) 3/5 Compromise on slavery Fear an overly powerful government Want states to have more power Wanted a Bill of Rights to protect people Leads to today’s conservatives of free market & no interference Patrick Henry & George Mason 1st Ten Amendments to the Constitution Written by James Madison Freedom of speech, religion, right to bear arms

11. Democratic -Republicans Jefferson, farmers Federalists Alexander Hamilton John Adams John Adams Supported by Northeast & Business Supports Bank of US Undeclared war on France Marbury v Madison Creates judicial review McCulloch v. Maryland Establishes implied powers of Constitution Gibbons v. Ogden Gov can regulates commerce Thomas Jefferson Wins election of 1800 – 1st time power transferred peacefully Buys Louisiana Purchase from France Has Lewis & Clark (and Sacajawea) explore it

12. Andrew Jackson Personifies new “democratic spirit” Spoils System – gives offices to members of winning party Nullification Crisis: South Carolina says it can nullify Tariff of 1832 Jackson threatens to send troops to collect tariff in SC Expands democracy – more people m can vote James Madison War of 1812 victory over England US gets Oregon Territory US gets Florida from Spain War opposed by Federalists James Monroe Issues Monroe Doctrine in 1823 Western Hemisphere is closed to Europe Europe interfering in West is a threat to America US would stay out of Europe

13. Manifest Destiny - Settlers move west for land & opportunity North – industrial Favor high protective tariffs to protect from foreign competition Homestead Act gives free land out west in 1862 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Repeals Missouri Comp. Kans. and Neb. vote on slavery (popular sovereignty) Results in fighting in Kansas Compromise of 1850 Admits California a free State The Missouri Compromise (1820) – line through Louisiana Purchase, slavery banned above (except Missouri) & allowed below

14. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repeals Missouri Compromise Kansas and Nebraska can vote to allow slavery (popular sovereignty) Results in bloody fighting in Kansas The Missouri Compromise (1820) – line through the Louisiana Purchase, slavery banned above (except Missouri) and allowed below Compromise of 1850 Admits California a free State Plessy v. Ferguson- allows segregation of whites & blacks Fugitive Slave Act –requires escaped slaves to be returned Mexican War in 1840s adds California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico. The Alamo – Americans in Texas have revolt against Mexican Texas joins the Union with slavery Eli Whitney’s cotton gin creates “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South Opposed high tariffs b/c it depended on imports

15. Women Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 meeting for women’s rights in NY Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized convention Susan B. Anthony – fought for women’s suffrage Not successful until 19th Amendment in 1920 Abolitionists Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser Harriet Beecher Stowe- writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin, anti-slavery novel William Lloyd Garrison – publishes The Liberator, anti-slavery newspaper Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois over slavery & popular sovereignty W.E.B. DuBois– writes Souls of Black Folk about struggle for rights

16. John Brown Fought in Bleeding Kansas after Kansas-Nebraska Act Led slave rebellion in Harper’s Ferry

17. 1860 – South secedes, fears Lincoln will abolish slavery Opening confrontation in South Carolina, Jefferson Davis elected Confederate president First major land battle in Manassas, VA Deadliest day Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation afterwards Victory for the North & turning point of the War Robert E. Lee surrenders Army of N. Virginia to Grant

18. Emancipation Proclamation Frees slaves in rebelling states Makes other countries unlikely to help South Gettysburg Address War is dedicated to “all men are created equal” and “government of the people, by the people, and for the people” Robert E. Lee Confederate general Urged Southerners to reconcile Served as president of Washington College (W&L University) Frederick Douglass Encouraged using freed slaves in Union Army Got US to protect blacks in the South after war Served as ambassador to Haiti Ulysses S. Grant Union general Later advocated rights for free blacks Opposed punishing the defeated South

19. Punish the South Occupy with military Guarantee civil rights to former slaves Lincoln’s Plan “With malice toward none, charity for all” --Welcome back the South quickly Andrew Johnson Impeached over rights for freed slaves Slavery abolished Guarantees Civil Rights to All Voting rights guaranteed regardless of race

20. Poll Tax – Blacks forced to pay to vote Literacy tests – must pass to vote Klan takes power Extremely close! Compromise of 1877 South agrees to support Hayes as President Military removed from South Confederate Democrats take power in South Begins Jim Crow era

21. Freedom and economic opportunity Gives free land in West Built by Chinese immigrants Pre-1871 Northwest Europe Germany England Ireland After 1870s South & East Europe Italy Asia Assimilate into the Melting Pot Face hostility 1882 – limits immigration from Asia Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 cuts it further

22. Laissez-faire gov. creates millionaires Railroads Steel Finance/Banking Oil Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell Wright Brothers Henry Ford Henry Bessemer

23. Knights of Labor – early union Samuel Gompers – leader of American Federation of Labor Eugene Debs – leader of Railway Union Teddy Roosevelt – “Square Deal” Muckrakers - reporters Sherman Anti-Trust Act — breaks up monopolies Haymarket & Homestead strikes 17th Amendment – direct election of senators Scopes Trial – over teaching of evolution in schools Eliminate social injustices End Child labor Better working conditions Women’s suffrage

24. US overthrows monarchy Added as a US territory John Hay’s plan to give all nations equal trading rights to China Teddy Roosevelt – encourages Panama’s indep. Builds canal President Taft’s plan for banks to invest in Latin America US annexes Puerto Rico and Philippines US asserts the right to intervene in Cuba Fights America for it’s independence after Spanish-American War

25. Isolationism German submarine warfare – sinking Lusitania Zimmerman Note – Germany wants Mexico as an ally Ties to England “Make world safe for democracy” -Woodrow Wilson Wilson’s peace plan - Self-determination – Freedom of the sea – League of Nations – Mandate system France & England want to punish Germany Boundaries redrawn creating new nations World alliance for peace Senate does not approve Treaty USA never joins

26. Overspeculation on stocks with borrowed money 1929 stock market crash Federal Reserve doesn’t protect bank failures Hawley Smoot Tariff - high protective tariff Roosevelt’s Plan “We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.” Relief – direct help for people (WPA) Recovery – programs to get out of depression over time (AAA) Reform - correct unsound banking and investment (FDIC) Social Security Act – safety net Unemployment Homelessness Bank closings Political unrest Farm foreclosures Migration Legacy: Government is responsible for providing services to promote public welfare & intervening in economy

27. Hitler invades Poland in 1939. World War II Begins. Germany conquers France. Hitler breaks non-aggression pact and invades Soviet Union Lend-Lease Act – neutral US helps England; England is out of cash. U. S. loans or leases materials to England. Roosevelt: “lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house is on fire.” Battles Battle of Britain – England defeats Germans in air battle. Stalingrad – crushing German defeat in Soviet Union-TURNING POINT OF THE WAR IN EUROPE! El Alamein - Germans defeated by British at Suez Canal; STOPS GERMANY FROM GETTING Middle East oil D-Day – US & allied troops under Eisenhower land at Normandy, France on June 6, 1944; liberation of Europe begins. Japan invades China Pearl Harbor surprise attack – Dec. 7, 1941 US strategy to reach Japan is “island-hopping.” Midway– US defeats larger Japanese force; TURNING POINT OF WAR IN THE PACIFIC. Iwo Jima & Okinawa – difficult invasions close to Japan Hiroshima & Nagasaki – Truman orders a-bombs dropped; August, 1945

28. African Americans – segregated units (Tuskegee Airmen) Nisei Regiments of Asian-Americans Navajo Indians – provide code in Pacific Rosie the Riveter – women in the workforce World body to prevent future wars Nazis convicted of war crimes – no “just following orders” TAKING PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY Ensures humane treatment of POWs (after Bataan Death March) Rationing – limits goods War bonds – sold to raise $$ Selective Service – drafted men African Americans migrate to cities for jobs Japanese placed in internment camps CENSORSHIP OF NEWS BY GOVT. Hollywood propaganda for war

29. Soviets occupy Eastern Europe Germany split into East & West Korean War – ends in stalemate China & Cuba - communist Fidel Castro Bay of Pigs – failed invasion of Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis – Kennedy orders Soviet missiles removed US Marshall Plan helps rebuild Europe Truman Doctrine – containment, stop spread of communism NATO – democratic military alliance Warsaw Pact – communist alliance President John Kennedy: “Pay any price … for success of liberty” “…Ask what you can do for your country.” Assassinated in Dallas in 1963 Spies Alger Hiss Julius & Ethel Rosenberg– executed for spying Fears McCarthyism– Senator Joe McCarthy recklessly accuses many of being communist

30. Vietnam War Pres. Kennedy, Johnson, & Nixon all intensify war Divides country – pro or anti war protests Space Race Neil Armstrong – first man on moon 1969 Sally Ride – first woman in space Virginia benefits from military spending Vietnamization– plan to end war by replacing US troops with South Vietnamese Watergate – scandal forces Nixon to resign End of the Cold War Soviet economy collapsing Glasnost– openness Arms reduction treaties Perestroika – economic reforms Ronald Reagan– challenges morals of Soviets – “tear down this wall!”

31. Supreme Court ends segregated schools Thurgood Marshall —NAACP lawyer Oliver Hill —lawyer in Virginia Massive Resistance & white flight Martin Luther King, Jr. – “I have a dream” speech at 1963 March on Washington Outlaws literacy tests Workers sent South to register voters Increases African American voters Bans discrimination of race, religion, nationality, gender Desegregates President Johnson helps get it passed Gets public to support civil rights legislation Demonstrates power of non-violent protest

32. Fill low-paying jobs Border issues with Mexico Bilingual education New pathways to citizenship More scientists & Doctors from abroad More minorities - Sandra Day O’Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Clarence Thomas Protects individual rights in Constitution Establishes “right to privacy” from government (Roe v. Wade) Keeps powers of Congress and President in check

33. Ronald Reagan Tax cuts & reducing government Appointment of “judicial restraint” judges Federal Reserve – controls money supply to expand/contract economic growth George H. W. Bush Continues “Reagan Revolution” Persian Gulf War in Iraq (1st with females in combat) Fall of Communism Bill Clinton NAFTA Trade agreement Full relations with Vietnam NATO action in Yugoslavia Lifts sanctions on South Africa

34. George W. Bush 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Wars in Iraq & Afghanistan Patriot Act– heightens security at home Jobs outsourced to foreign countries Barack Obama President & Congress work on fiscal policy decisions (taxing & spending)