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Laws of Electromagnetism

Laws of Electromagnetism. Henry Cavendish Coulomb’s Law Ohm’s Law Relation to Maxwell. Beginning of Electromagnetics. Beginning of Electromagnetics. The Cavendish Apparatus. Beginning of Electromagnetics. Cavendish in his Laboratory. Pioneers of the Field. Benjamin Franklin

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Laws of Electromagnetism

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  1. Laws of Electromagnetism

  2. Henry Cavendish Coulomb’s Law Ohm’s Law Relation to Maxwell Beginning of Electromagnetics

  3. Beginning of Electromagnetics The Cavendish Apparatus

  4. Beginning of Electromagnetics Cavendish in his Laboratory

  5. Pioneers of the Field • Benjamin Franklin • Concept of electricity • Lightning is electrical • Use of electrical ground

  6. Andre Marie Ampere Ampere’s Law Pioneers of the Field

  7. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss’s Law Pioneers of the Field

  8. Pioneers of the Field • Michael Faraday • Faraday’s Law

  9. Pioneers of the Field • George Gabriel Stokes • Stokes’s Theorem

  10. Pioneers of the Field • James Clerk Maxwell • Maxwell’s Equations

  11. Pioneers of the Field • Sir J C Bose • Short wavelength radio waves • Existence of EM radiation from sun • Sir J. C. Bose invented the Mercury Coherer (together with the telephone receiver) used by Marconi to receive the radio signal in his first transatlantic radio communication over a distance of 2000 miles in December 1901. • Marconi was celebrated worldwide for this achievement, but the fact that the receiver was invented by Bose was totally concealed

  12. Pioneers of the Field Sir J C Bose’s Apparatus

  13. Pioneers of the Field Sir J C Bose Bose’s spiral-spring receiver used for 5-mm radiation One of Bose's transmitter antennas

  14. Pioneers of the Field J.C. Bose at the Royal Institution, London, 1897

  15. Pioneers of the Field Sir J C Bose A close up of the spark gaps normally mounted inside the transmitting antenna

  16. Pioneers of the Field Sir J C Bose A complete set up showing the transmitting antenna at the left, with the receiving antenna at right

  17. Guglielmo Marconi Invention of Radio Concept of Ionosphere Wireless Telegraph Applications in Wireless Communication

  18. Applications in Wireless Communication Marconi’s 2 meter antennae

  19. Heinrich Hertz First Wireless link in 1901 First to broadcast and receive radio waves Produced EM waves and measured their wavelength & velocity Applications in Wireless Communication

  20. Applications in Wireless Communication Hertz’s Experiment Copy Right: Pozar D.M., “ Microwave Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons.

  21. Applications in Wireless Communication Hertz Resonator

  22. Applications in Wireless Communication Hertz’s First Spark Gap Oscillators

  23. Relationship between current density and radiation Applications in Wireless Communication

  24. Maxwell’s Equations Frequency Domain

  25. Laws in Media With Dielectric Constantas Tensor Maxwell’s Two Curl Equations get modified as Appleton-Hartee Equation Where

  26. Fractional Dimension Fractional Domain Electrodynamics Sierpinski triangle

  27. Fractional Domain Electrodynamics Koch curve Construction Dimension

  28. Fractional Domain Electrodynamics Fractional Calculus Fractional derivative & example Hausdorff-Besicovitch Dimension

  29. Fractional Domain Electrodynamics Measurement of Hausdroff-Besicovitch Dimension • Theoretically where N(h) is the number of disks of size h needed to cover the object Thus Koch coastline has a Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension is • Experimentally • By surrounding the Koch coastline with boxes

  30. Fractional Domain Electrodynamics Measurement of Hausdroff-Besicovitch Dimension Surrounding the Koch Coastline with Boxes & graph

  31. Fractional Domain Electrodynamics Measurement of Hausdroff-Besicovitch Dimension Experimental data Dimension(experimental) =1.18 Dimension(Theoretical) =1.26 Deviation=6%

  32. In this project we have tried to represent the Maxwell’s equations of EM in fractional dimension which is one of the emerging field in electromagnetics And studied the effect of EM field in ionospheric propagation Application of electromagnetics in wirelwss communication CONCLUSION

  33. REFERENCES: [1] Sadiku M. N.O.Elements of Electromagnetics,Oxford,2002 [2] Colin R.E. “Microwave Engineering”,Mc Graw Hill,2000 [3] H.O.Peitgen,H.Jurgens & D. Saupe,”Chaos and Fractals”:New Frontiers of Science. New York, Springer Verlag, Inc., 1992 [4] B. B. Mandelbrot, “The Fractal Geometry of Nature, San Fransisco, CA:Freeman,1983 [5] www.factus.com [6] www.fractenna.com [7] www.mathworld.com

  34. Thank You

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