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Chapter Four

Chapter Four . Great-Power Rivalries and Relations. Great-Power Hegemony. hegemon: a single powerful state that exercises predominant influence over global actors long-cycle theory: rise and fall of hegemons

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Chapter Four

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  1. Chapter Four Great-Power Rivalries and Relations

  2. Great-Power Hegemony • hegemon: a single powerful state that exercises predominant influence over global actors • long-cycle theory: rise and fall of hegemons • hegemonic stability theory: global dominance of a hegemon is necessary to provide the order required for international commerce and military security • enduring rivalries among great powers

  3. Table 4.1: The Evolution of Great-Power Rivalry for World Leadership, 1495-2025

  4. World War One Causes • two hostile alliances, non-interlocking: • Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire • France, Britain, Russia • structuralism: shifting power distribution; rise of Germany • individual decisions of great-power leaders • nationalist feelings, especially in Balkans

  5. World War One Consequences • millions of deaths • Versailles Treaty and punishment of Germany: war guilt, reparations, small military, Ruhr occupied • creation of many new states in Europe • Wilsonian liberalism and decline of realism • strong anti-war sentiment in U.S. and western Europe

  6. Map 4.1: Territorial Changes in Europe following World War I

  7. World War Two Causes • Versailles provisions inflame Germany • German irredentism • fascism and Nazi grip on Germany • American isolationism • multipolarity • inaction by France, Britain, Soviet Union • Great Depression and protectionism

  8. World War Two Consequences • border changes in Europe • system change: end to great-power rivalries in Europe • iron curtain in eastern Europe • beginning of decolonization • United Nations • U.S.-Soviet rivalry: the Cold War

  9. Map 4.2: World War II Redraws the Map of Europe

  10. Cold War: Causes • power transition propels both states to top of global power hierarchy • struggle for spheres of influence • mirror images • self-fulfilling prophecy • ideology • security dilemma

  11. Figure 4.1: Key Events in the Evolution of the U.S.-Soviet Relationship during the Cold War, 1948-1991

  12. Cold War: Confrontation 1945-62 • Truman Doctrine • containment • Berlin blockade; Korean War; other crises • extended deterrence • bipolarity • Khruschev’s peaceful coexistence • Cuban missile crisis, 1962

  13. Cold War: 1963-1978 • MAD: mutual assured destruction • Kennedy and tension reductions • détente: relaxation of tensions • policy of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissenger • SALT talks • cultural exchanges, trade agreements

  14. Cold War: 1979-1991 • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 • Carter Doctrine • Reagan Doctrine • Gorbachev policies: withdrawal from eastern Europe, Afghanistan, Cuba; INF, START, and CFE treaties; domestic liberalization

  15. America’s Unipolar Moment • caused by end of Cold War • unilateralism of the Bush administration • Bush Doctrine and the war on terror • unipolar situation instigates other power centers to form

  16. A Multipolar World • United States currently the dominant military and political power • China and the European Union are potential challengers for hegemon role • multipolar distributions of power can lead to war • power transitions

  17. Map 4.3: The Emerging Centers of Power in the Twenty-First Century Global Hierarchy

  18. Figure 4.2: Projection of the Fifteen Largest Global Economies by 2020

  19. Table 4.2: The New Great-Power Chessboard: Simultaneously Unfolding Military and Economic Rivalries

  20. Responding to Multipolarity’s Challenge • unilateral approach • selective engagement • Bush Doctrine • entente • concert • multilateralism • collective security

  21. Discussion • In what ways did the causes of World War One differ from those of World War Two? • In what ways is the individual level of analysis useful in explaining the outbreaks of the two world wars? • How does the global level of analysis explain the twentieth-century changes in the structure of the international system?

  22. Discussion, continued • What three individuals had the greatest impact on the international system in the twentieth century? Why? • What factors help explain the end of the Cold War? • What are potential major changes in the structure of the international system in the twenty-first century?

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