Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology March 11 Lecture 16

1. Psychology 307: Cultural PsychologyMarch 11 Lecture 16

2. Exam 2: March 13, 2014 • The exam is worth one-third of your final grade if you do not write the optional paper and one-quarter of your final grade if you do write the optional paper. • The exam will be scored out of 50 points: 25 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 5 extended response questions (4-7 points each; totaling 25 points). 2

3. Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. • Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and student ID to the exam. • All electronic devices must be stored prior to the exam. • Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Valuables may be placed under your seat. • Turn in extra copies of the exam at the start of the examination period; university policy requires that all exams be accounted for before students are permitted to leave the examination room. 3

4. Reminder I will hold additional office hours and a “Q&A” review session in preparation for the exam: Monday, March 10: 1:00-3:00 (Kenny 3102) Tuesday, March 11: 5:00-6:00 (Kenny 2101, “Q&A” review session) Wednesday, March 12: 11:30-1:00 (Kenny 3102) 4

5. Announcement The peer mentors (Crystal, Jonathan) will hold an “extra help” drop-in session tomorrow, March 12: 4:15-5:30, Ponderosa Commons, Rooms 4038B & 4038C.

6. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect)

7. Emotions • What evidence provides support for the universalist position? (continued) • What evidence provides support for the cultural constructionist position? • Can the universalist vs. cultural constructionist debate be resolved?

8. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review evidence that supports the universalist position on emotions. 2. review evidence that supports the cultural constructionist position on emotions. 3. distinguish between distinct display rules. 4. discuss the neurocultural theory of emotional expression.

9. What evidence provides support for the univeralist position? (continued) (d) Evidence for the universality of emotional expression (continued) • Developmental studies: • Have shown that:

10. (a) infants possess the same facial musculature as adults. (b) the facial musculature is fully functional at birth. (c) infants display facial expressions similar to those that adults display for happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise. (d) infants’ ability to produce facial expressions similar to those of adults is culturally universal.

11. Examples of Infant Facial Expressions

12. What evidence provides support for the cultural constructionist position? • Two types of evidence support the cultural constructionist position on emotion:

13. (a) Evidence for the cultural construction of emotional expression: Display rules • Display rules dictate how universal emotions are expressed, are learned early in life, and become automatic determinants of emotional expression by adulthood (Ekman, 1973).

14. Ekman and Freisen (1969) identified 6 display rules: Amplification, deamplification, neutralization, qualification, masking, and simulation. • Researchers have examined cultural differences in the tendencies to amplify, deamplify, neutralize, qualify, mask, and simulate emotional expression.

15. Example: Matsumoto et al. (2005) • Developed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory (DRAI):

16. Sample Response Sheet from the DRAI Instructions: Please tell us what you think people should do when they feel each of the emotions listed toward someone in each of the four situations when interacting with that person. At the top of the page is a list of seven possible responses for how one may behave in those situations. Please select a response for each emotion and each situation. Record that number in the appropriate space provided for that emotion and situation.

17. Possible responses: 1. Express the feeling as is with no inhibitions. 2. Express the feeling, but with less intensity than one's true feelings. 3. Express the feeling, but with more intensity than one's true feelings. 4. Try to remain neutral; express nothing. 5. Express the feeling, but together with a smile to qualify one's feelings. 6. Smile only, with no trace of anything else, in order to hide one's true feelings.

18. Recording sheet:

19. Recruited participants from Japan, Russia, and the U.S. • Found that: (a) Americans had higher unmodified expression and amplification scores than Japanese and Russians. (b) Japanese had higher deamplification and qualification scores than Americans and Russians.

20. Matsumoto et al. (1998) found that the tendency to “control” emotional expression through the use of deamplification, neutralization, qualification, and masking is positively correlated with collectivism.

21. Sponge Bob

22. Hello Kitty

23. Tsai, Louie, Chen, and Uchida, 2007

24. In collectivistic cultures, the tendency to control the expression of negative emotions was greatest when interacting with ingroup members. • In individualistic cultures, the tendency to control the expression of negative emotions was greatest when interacting with outgroup members.

25. When individuals control the expression of emotion, the subjective experience of the emotion is dampened. People living in cultures that promote the control of emotional expression tend to report fewer and less intense emotional experiences than people living in cultures that promote emotional expression.

26. Consistent with this finding, collectivists are more likely than individualists to report a preference for emotional states that are characterized by low levels of arousal:

27. Tsai, 2007; Tsai et al., 2007 • East Asians prefer music with a slower tempo than Westerners. • East Asians prefer more “passive” activities (picnicking, meditation) than Westerners (jogging, roller blading). • Among those who use drugs, East Asians are more likely to use drugs that elicit calm states (e.g., opium); Westerners are more likely to use drugs that elicit excited states (amphetamines).

28. East Asian magazines contain ads with calmer smiles and fewer excited smiles than Western magazines.

29. East Asian self-help books encourage calmness, whereas Western self-help books encourage relatively high arousal positive states.

30. (b) Evidence for the cultural construction of emotional states: Emotional lexicon • Analyses of diverse languages suggest that different languages recognize different emotions. • Although some languages have equivalent terms for all of the “universal” emotions identified by Ekman, other languages do not.

31. Languages in Which Terms for Ekman’s “Universal” Emotions Do Not Exist

32. Moreover, there are emotional terms in some languages for which an equivalent term does not exist in English.

33. Emotional Terms for Which an Equivalent Term Does Not Exist in English

34. Some theorists argue that the diversity of emotional terms across languages is meaningless because language does not influence our experience of emotion. • Other theorists argue that the diversity of emotional terms across languages indicates that there is significant cultural variation in the experience of emotion. • This view is consistent with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

35. Can the universalist vs. cultural constructionist debate be resolved? • There are an increasing number of researchers who recognize that the universalist position and the cultural constructionist position are not mutually exclusive. • Their views are consistent with the Neurocultural Theory of Emotional Expression, proposed by Ekman.

36. According to this theory: “Universality may be limited to a rather small set of basic emotions, which serve as platforms for interactions with learned rules, social norms, and shared social scripts, resulting in a myriad of more complex culture-specific emotions” Matsumoto (2004, p. 259).

37. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review evidence that supports the universalist position on emotions. 2. review evidence that supports the cultural constructionist position on emotions. 3. distinguish between distinct display rules. 4. discuss the neurocultural theory of emotional expression.