Political elite and political leadership.

1. Political elite and political leadership. Lecture 13(19)

2. Brief contents: 1. Concept and definition of political elite. 2. Elite and bureaucracy. Role of bureaucracy in functioning of political system.

3. 1. Concept and definition of political elite. Elite (also spelled Elite) is taken from the Latin, eligere, "selected" was entered by the Italian political scientist V.Pareto. He gave following definition of elite: «people occupying high position according to degree of influence and political and social power», … «Higher classes» also make elite. Other founder of political science G.Moskahas made definition of elite: most active in political relation people focused on power, organized minority exercising administration by unorganized majority.

4. In modern political science exists institutionalized definition of political elite. According to Kazakhstan political encyclopedia, «Eliteis strata of the individuals differing from other mass of population by certain features and abilities, occupying in hierarchical social structure of society dominating, exclusive position and making considerable impact on the political power or carrying out it».

5. The political elite represent integral and natural phenomenon of society existing owing to its differentiation. V.Paretoattributed managing director two main qualities:

6. Force and management are domination instruments on all extent of history. Political elites play a more important role in contemporary societies than any other category of elites. Their recruitment and socialization processes have been discussed in hundreds of academic books. But, the concept of political elites is challenged because many citizens believe that politicians don't constitute true elite.

7. Recent surveys have demonstrated that in most countries in the world, including many European countries, and particularly in old democracies like Great Britain and France, most people don't trust most politicians, who appear as discredited in many surveys done throughout the last two or three decades.

8. Napoleon Bonaparte (1804-1815)

9. Categories and types of leadership Leadership is a quality a person may have. One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential: • Actual- giving guidance or direction, as in the phrase "the emperor has provided satisfactory leadership". • Potential- the capacity or ability to lead, as in the phrase "she could have exercised effective leadership"; or in the concept "born to lead".

10. 2. Elite and bureaucracy. Role of bureaucracy in functioning of political system. • Current assessments of transformational and transactional leadership commonly make use of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), developed by Bass and Avolio in 1990 and revised in 1995. • It measures five dimensions of transformational leadership: -idealizedinfluence - attributions - idealizedinfluence - behaviors

11. - inspirationalmotivation - individualizedconsideration -intellectualstimulation The three dimensions of transactional leadership measured by the MLQ cover: 1. Contingent reward 2. Management by exception (active) 3. Management by exception (passive)

12. Studies of leadership have suggested qualities that people often associate with leadership. They include: • Guiding others through modeling (in the sense of providing a role model) and through willingness to serve others first (compare followership) • Technical/specific skill at some task at hand • Initiativeandentrepreneurialdrive • Charismatic inspiration - attractiveness to others and the ability to leverage this esteem to motivate others

13. Preoccupation with a role - a dedication that consumes much of leaders' life ­service to a cause • A clear sense of purpose (or mission) - clear goals - focus - commitment • Results-orientation - directing every action towards a mission - prioritizing activities to spend time where results most accrue • Cooperation -work well with others • Optimism - very few pessimists become leaders • Rejection of determinism - belief in one's ability to "make a difference"

14. Ability to encourage and nurture those that report to them - delegate in such away as people will grow • Role models - leaders may adopt a person that encapsulates their mission and lead by example • Self-knowledge (in non-bureaucratic structures) • Understanding what others say, rather than listening to how they say things - this could partly sum this quality up as "walking in someone else's shoes" (to use a common cliché).

15. Thank you of your attention!!!