Leith Dunn PhD, Senior Lecturer/Head Institute for Gender and Development Studies Mona Unit

1. Gender and Human Trafficking-Solutions for the Future Jamaica Teachers Association and the American Federation of Teachers Anti Trafficking Workshop- Jamaica Grande, Ocho Rios, March 7 2014 Leith Dunn PhD, Senior Lecturer/Head Institute for Gender and Development Studies Mona Unit University of the West Indies Mona

3. Overview Concepts and Human Rights Human Trafficking: Gender Characteristics; Causes; Consequences SMART Solutions: prevention, protection research, gender mainstreaming in policies; programmes

4. What is Gender? Gender is socially constructed roles and relationships between males and females. Gender roles are influenced by differences of race/ethnicity, class, age, disability, sexuality Result: unequal access to power and decision-making, resources, opportunities which impact risk for human trafficking

5. 2012 Data on TIP 2012 data on TIP 154 countries ratified TIP Protocol 134 countries-TIP laws Trust Fund for Victims • 136 nationals from 118 countries trafficked • Increased risk of child trafficking: • 2003-2006 -20% • 2007-2010 – 27% • Low conviction rates Progress& Challenges

6. Definition of Trafficking in Persons (TIP): Palermo Protocol ACTIVITY: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons; MEANS: usingthreats, force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, giving or receiving of payments or benefits PURPOSE: to achieve person’s consent or to have control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

7. Child Trafficking Organized movement of a male of female under 18 years, within a country, or across borders that : Renders the child vulnerable Exploits the child for forced labour, sexual exploitation, or removal of organs Involves the child in work for which he/she is too young, or is likely to harm the child’s health, safety or morals NB: Child’s consent is considered irrelevant

8. Child Trafficking is a form of Slavery -an Unconditional Worst Form of Child Labour (UWFCL) which includes: Prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation; Forced labour or services; Slavery; practices similar to slavery; Servitude; Use of children in illicit/illegal activities

9. Child labour is work done by a girl or boy under 18 years that is: exploitative, hazardous or otherwise inappropriate for the child’s age detrimental to the child’s schooling; child’s social, physical, mental, spiritual or moral development. Child labour

10. HUMAN RIGHTS AGREEMENTS TO PREVENT TRAFFICKING Global Palermo Protocol: Trafficking in Persons Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against women (CEDAW). Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Belem do Para (Eliminating Gender based Violence) International Labour Organisation Conventions 138 (Minimum age for work) & C182 (eliminate UWFCL) Local Provisions Laws: Child Care and Protection Act; Anti-Trafficking Acts; Offences Against the Person Act ; Policies: National Policy for Gender Equality (NPGE); National Plan of Action to eliminate Gender based Violence National Plan of action for children

11. Convention on the Rights of the Child Child Survival Child Development Child Participation Optional Protocol on Child Trafficking

12. Palermo Protocol (TIP) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially of Women and Children includes protection of children from trafficking for sexual exploitation; forced labour and exploitation through sale of organs

13. ILO Child Labour Conventions C 138- Minimum age for work C182- Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour: Prostitution; Pornography; CSE of children Child bondage and slavery; child trafficking Use of children for illicit activities Hazardous work

14. Child Care and Protection Act, 2004 (Jamaica) Sale or trafficking of children is a criminal offence (Sec10) Employing children in night clubs or using children for indecent or immoral activities are also offences (Sec 39) Fines: J$500K-J$1 M or 1 year in prison

15. Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act, 2007 updated 2013 Prevention: from Sexual Exploitation; Forced Labour; Servitude; Slavery Prosecution: Max fine: 10 years imprisonment; Forfeiture of assets from trafficking; Protection: Victim Assistance & Support (immunity from prosecution; restitution; shelters, interpreters, replacement of travel documents, counseling and court support for victims)

16. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Promotes gender equality between males and females (social, political, economic) Protects the rights of women and girls from sexual exploitation

17. Scope of Child Trafficking

18. Scope of Child Trafficking STATISTICS Global Estimates: 1.2 million children trafficked annually but accurate statistics difficult to establish. (Source: The State of the World’s Children 2006- Excluded and Invisible. UNICEF) Caribbean Estimates: UNKNOWN

19. GLOBAL SCOPE WESTERN EUROPE & THE BALTICS (poor to rich countries for begging, street hawking, unskilled labour and commercial sex) EASTERN EUROPE (unskilled labour, entertainment sector; commercial sex; organised petty crime). MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA (domestic service; commercial sex; camel kids (boys)’ AMERICAS & THE CARIBBEAN (CSE; tourism; seasonal labour, service jobs; drugs

20. GLOBAL SCOPE CONTD. CENTRAL ASIA & THE CIS (economic depression and societal dislocation contribute to CT for service industries; entertainment sector; sex trade; pornography; mail-order brides). SOUTH-EAST ASIA (rural/urban; poor/ wealthier countries; trafficking for sex, services, industrial and agricultural work, street begging; females as mail-order brides; for domestic service SOUTH ASIA (commercial sex, carpet/garment factories; street hawking; begging; construction; tea plantations; manufacturing; brick kilns; camel jockeys (boys); combatants. AFRICA(domestics; family businesses; commercial sex, plantations; mines; work with militias in conflict zones. AUSTRALASIA, FAR EAST & PACIFIC (poor to rich countries; unskilled work; commercial sex, as mail-order brides or ‘sons’.

21. CARIBBEAN SCOPE Sexual exploitation: linked to sex tourism; pornography; massage industry etc.; Forced labour (e.g domestic work) More research needed

22. FORCED LABOUR -Child Domestic Worker – Jamaica “Jean” -Six year old Jamaican girl sent by poor single mother from rural St Ann to aunt in Kingston to attend school and have improved life; Forced to become aunt’s domestic helper; works long hours cleaning, cooking; washing; housework looking after male boarders; helping aunt with sewing; fondled by males in household; NO SCHOOLING; Deprived of basic needs: love; given old clothes; forced to sleep on rags on floor. Only started school at 12 years after she ran away to her mother after years of abuse. (Interview: 2007) Est. of children trafficking for CSW: UNKNOWN

23. SEXUAL EXPLOITATION Tsunami strikes Marcia’s village Kills parents, destroys family home; Marcia ‘adopted’ by woman who promises to care for & educate her; Marcia forced into commercial sexual exploitation, woman isolates her & uses violence to control her.

24. CHILD SOLDIERS • Political conflicts result in separation of parents and children; • Children recruited to fight in rebel armies;17 year olds males still conscripted in some countries; • Trained to fight & kill; some drugged, forced to commit atrocities; some sexually abused; • Girls: some trained to fight but also cook, clean; sexually abused by soldiers, rebels; peace keeping troops

25. Causes: Global Factors Increased globalisation; migration; opening borders Increased global poverty; high debt burdens; unequal trade relations widening gap between rich & poor countries; Increased access to & use of technology, internet

26. Causes: Political Factors Weak institutional structures, laws, social protection & monitoring to protect children & families at risk; Lack of protocols between agencies to protect children at risk

27. Causes: Economic Factors Poverty Limited jobs & skills Unemployment Migration

28. Causes: Social Factors Cultural customs: child placement Collapse of social support systems because of: wars; poverty; discrimination; countries in transition Limited public awareness of trafficking Child abuse- risk of children escaping abuse.

29. Causes: Gender Inequalities Gender roles create female dependency; Gender inequality in labour market & sharing of family responsibilities Gender based violence –female victims (teen pregnancy; STIs/HIV & AIDS)

30. Gender Dimensions of Child Trafficking

31. METRO RURAL M / F M / F MISSING 308/ 168 235 / 149 FOUND 206 / 140 187/ 125 OUTSTANDING 72/ 17 58 / 20 DEAD 31 / 6 22 / 4 Missing Adults Report By Gender – Jamaica Data from the National Intelligence Bureau, March 2014 Period January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013

32. METRO RURAL M / F M / F MISSING 235 / 815 246 / 924 FOUND 211 / 728 208 / 823 OUTSTANDING 18 / 85 34 / 98 DEAD 6 / 2 4 / 3 Missing Children Report By Gender – Jamaica Data from the National Intelligence Bureau, March 2014 Period January 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013

33. METRO RURAL M / F M / F MISSING 48 / 27 28 / 9 FOUND 27 / 16 16 / 6 OUTSTANDING 16 / 11 11 / 1 DEAD 5 / 1 1/ 2 Missing Adults Report By Gender – Jamaica Data from the National Intelligence Bureau, March 2014 Period January 1, 2014 – February 28, 2014

34. METRO RURAL M/ F M/ F MISSING 46 / 147 42 / 117 FOUND 28 / 80 30 / 76 OUTSTANDING 17 / 67 12 / 40 DEAD 1 /0 0/ 1 Missing Children Report By Gender – Jamaica Data from the National Intelligence Bureau, March 2014 Period January 1, 2014 – February 28, 2014

35. Missing Report By Gender – Jamaica Data from the National Intelligence Bureau, March 2014 Period January 1, 2014 – February 28, 2014 DIVISION METRO RURAL KGN CENTRAL 10 CLARENDON 31 KGN EASTERN 28 HANOVER 7 KGN WESTERN 17 MANCHESTER 31 ST. AND CENTRAL 11 PORTLAND 6 ST. AND NORTH 37 ST. ANN 17 ST. AND SOUTH 37 ST. JAMES 35 ST. CATH NORTH 98 ST. ELIZ 6 ST. CATH SOUTH 30 ST. MARY 9 ST. THOMAS 12 TRELAWNY 17 WESTMORELAND 25

36. CONSEQUENCES Health risks: pregnancy; depression; STIs including HIV and AIDS; Girls: poor reproductive health; Boys: Stigma from sexual abuse Basic rights abused

37. Institutional Responses to Child Trafficking (Jamaica) Ministry of Justice The National Taskforce against Trafficking in Person (NATFATIP) was: Established in June 2005 Amulti agency approach to enhance national capacity To develop and implement Jamaica’s legislative, institutional and operational response for combating Trafficking in Persons

38. Institutional Responses to Child Trafficking (Jamaica) Contd. International conventions ratified; The Protocol was signed 13 February 2002 and ratified 29 September 2003. Legal reform: CCPA; TIP Act Monitoring improved: CDA; Children’s Advocate; TIP Task Force established; Public Education; Research; Institutional partnerships strengthened

39. SOLUTION Recommended actions by Jamaican stakeholdersintegrating gender perspectives in anti trafficking policies, programmes, strategies. role of schools, teachers, guidance counsellors, parents role of churches, communities, media Strengthening partnerships Empowering girls and boys

40. RECOMMENDATIONS INCREASE EDUCATORS’ AWARENESS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING PUBLIC EDUCATION SCHOOL PREVENTION STRATEGIES: MONITOR ABSENTEEISM; OBSERVE BEHAVIOUR CHANGE: EDUCATE CHILDREN -Child-friendly INFORMATION: STRANGER DANGER SCHOOL PARTNERSHIPS: STAFF, STUDENTS, PARENTS PREVENTION/POVERTY REDUCTION/PATH ETC. ENSURE MESSAGES INCLUDE SPECIFIC RISKS FOR BOTH MALES AND FEMALES OF DIFFERENT AGES, BACKGROUNDS Strengthen inter-agency partnerships INTEGRATE TIP AWARENESS AND ACTION IN CHURCHES SCHOOLS, COMMUNITIES

41. PREVENTION, PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS

42. THANK YOU!