Gender and Sexuality Gender development Human sexuality Sexual orientation: why do we differ?

2. Gender and Sexuality • Gender development • Human sexuality • Sexual orientation: why do we differ? • An evolutionary explanation of human sexuality • Reflections on gender, sexuality, and nature—nurture interaction

3. Gender Development • How are we alike? How do we differ? • The nature of gender: Our biological sex • The nurture of gender: Our culture and experiences

4. Sex • Biologicalstatus, defined by your chromosomes and anatomy • Gender • Culture’s expectations about what it means to be male or female MGP/Getty images

5. How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ? The two bell-shaped curves in this graph show the distribution of self-esteem scores for women (red) and men (blue). These are average scores based on all available samples (Hyde, 2005). As you can see, the variation among women or among men is much greater than the difference between the average woman (highest point on red line) and the average man (highest point on blue line.) DIFFERENT? YES, BUT NOT BY MUCH!

6. Similarities and Differences • Differences on average • Men are 4 times more likely to die by suicide or develop alcohol dependence. • Men are more like to have childhood diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, color-blindedness, or ADHD. • Men are more at risk for antisocial personality disorder. Differences on average • Women enter puberty sooner and live about 5 years longer. • Women carry 70 percent more fat, 20 percent less muscle, and are 5 inches shorter. • Women have twice risk of developing depression and 10 risk of developing eating disorder.

7. Gender • Roles and characteristics that a culture expects from those defined as male and female • Aggression • Any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. • Relational aggression • Act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing.

8. Gender Differences • Gender and aggression • Minor physical aggression: Men and women equal • Extreme violent acts: Men commit more than women • Relational aggression: Women more likely than men • Gender and social power • Group leadership: More likely assigned to males • Salaries: Higher salaries paid to me in traditional occupations • Elections: Women less successful than men. • World governing bodies: 80 percent of seats held by males. • Leadership style: Women more democratic; women more democratic • Interaction style: Men offer opinions; women offer support.

9. Gender Differences • Gender and social connections • Need to belong: All humans • Social connections: Females more interdependent; males more independent • Social connectedness: Boys typically form large groups for active, competitive play; girls play in small groups and complete with intimate social relationships • Social networks: Women’s networks are larger than men’s

10. Getty Images/Gallo Images Ocean/Corbis EVERY MAN FOR HIMSELF, OR TEND AND BEFRIEND? Gender differences in the way we interact with others begin to appear at a very young age.

11. ________ (Men/Women) are more likely to commit relational aggression, and ________ (men/women) are more likely to commit physical aggression. Worldwide, ________ (men/women) have tended to express more personal and professional interest in people and less interest in things.

12. The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex • Biology does not dictate gender, but it can influence it in two ways • Genetic—males and females have differing sex chromosomes. • Physiologically—males and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones.

13. The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex • Prenatal sexual development • Contribution to 23rd chromosome pair: Mother=X; father = X or Y • Around 7th week: Y chromosome engages testes to develop and produce testosterone • Between 4th and 6th month: Sex hormones in fetal brain support female or male wiring

14. X chromosome • Sex chromosome found in both men and women. • Y chromosome • Sex chromosome found only in males • Testosterone • Most important the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. • Estrogens • Sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

15. HEIGHT DIFFERENCES Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. Atpuberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14. (Data from Tanner, 1978.) Recent studies suggest that sexual development and growth spurts are beginning somewhat earlier than was the case a half-century ago (Herman- Giddenset al., 2001).

16. The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex • Adolescent sexual development: Puberty • Boys and girls enter puberty and mature sexually. • Pronounced physical differences emerge • Surge of hormones triggers a two yearperiod of rapid physical development. • Primary and secondary sex characteristics develop dramatically. • Spermarche: First ejection about age 14 • Menarche: Within a year of age 12½

17. Primary sex characteristics • Body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. • Secondary sex characteristics • Nonreproductivesexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. • Spermarche • First ejaculation • Menarche • First menstrual period

18. BODY CHANGES AT PUBERTY At about age 11 in girls and age 13 in boys, a surge of hormones triggers a variety of physical changes.

19. Adolescence is marked by the onset of ________.

20. The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex GENDER IN THE SPOTLIGHT • Variations on sexual development • Intersex: Possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes. • Sex reassignment surgery REUTERS/ Michael Dalder

21. The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture andExperiences

22. DPA / The Image Works THE GENDERED TSUNAMI In Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and India, the 2004 tsunami was called a gendered tsunami. Do you know why?

23. The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture andExperiences • Learning to be male or female • Gender identity: Is sense of being male or female; acquired in childhood • Social learning theory: Proposes social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others’ gender-linked behavior and by being rewarded or punished • Gender typing: Suggests more than imitation is involved; children gravitate toward what feels right

24. The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture andExperiences • Learning to be male or female involves feeling AND thinking. • Formation of schemas help children make sense of world • Gender schemas form early in life and organize experiences of male-female characteristics

25. The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture andExperiences • Before age 1: Differentiation between male and female voice or face • Around age 2: Gender labels emerge and division of people by gender improves • Around age 3: Children seek out same-sex playmates activities • Ages 5 to 6: Rigid gender stereotype peak • Parents, other adults, and society transit cultural view on gender.

26. Transgender People • Gender identity (one’s sense of being male or female) or gender expression (behavior or appearance) differs from what’s typical for one’s birth sex. AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Aaron Vincent Elkaim TRANSGENDER CONTESTANT

27. What are gender roles, and what do their variations tell us about our human capacity for learning and adaptation?

28. Human Sexuality • How are we alike? How do we differ? • The nature of gender: our biological sex • The nurture of gender: our culture and experiences

29. Human Sexuality: Physiology of Sex • Hormones drive sexual behavior. • Testosterone and estrogens • Sex hormone influence across the life span • Prenatal: Direct development as male or female • Puberty: Launches puberty • After puberty: Help activate and maintain sexual behavior

30. The primary male sex hormone is ________. The primary female sex hormones are the ________.

31. Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias • Masters and Johnson goals • Describe the human sexual response cycle • Understand and treat problems that prevent people from completing that cycle

32. Human Sexuality • SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

33. Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias • Sexual dysfunctions • Impair sexual arousal or functioning • Often involve sexual motivation, especially sexual motivation and arousal • Includes erectile disorder and premature ejaculation (males) • Includes female orgasmic disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder (females) • Some times involve paraphilias (sexual desire in unusual ways; e.g., pedophilia, exhibitionism)

34. Sexual dysfunction • Problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning • Erectile disorder • Inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis • Premature ejaculation • Sexual climax that occurs before the man or his partner wishes • Female orgasmic disorder • Feeling distressed due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm • Paraphilias • Experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and /or non-consenting persons

35. Human Sexuality • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) • Rates have increased in recent years, especially for people under 25. • CDC report: 14- to 19-year-old U.S. females found 39.5 percent had STIs. • Condom use effective varies by infection (80 percent effectiveness when used with infected partner; less effective with skin-to-skin STIs. • Significant link between oral sex and STIs. • Women’s AIDs rates increasing fastest.

36. Human Sexuality • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) • Life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • Most Americans with AIDS: Midlife and younger; likely infected as teens • AIDs worldwide: 1.7 million people; two-thirds in sub-Saharan Africa

37. The inability to complete the sexual response cycle may be considered a ________. Exhibitionismwould be considered a ________. From a biological perspective, AIDS is passed more readily from women to men than from men to women. True or false?

38. The Psychology of Sex • Sophisticated brain allows us to experience sexual arousal both from what is real and from what is imagined • External stimuli • Men more aroused when erotic material aligns with personal sexual interest • Content and intensity of sexual experience arouse women • Pornography may decrease sexual satisfaction with own partner; may change perceptions about rape and other sexual violence

39. The Psychology of Sex • Imagined stimuli • Sexual desire and arousal can be imagined • 90 percent of spinal-injured men reported feeling sexual desire • 95 percent of people report having sexual fantasies • Males: Tend to be more frequent, more physical and less romantic

40. Levels Of Analysis For Sexual Motivation PetrenkoAndriy/Shutterstock Our sexual motivation is influenced by biological factors, but psychological and social-cultural factors play an even bigger role.

41. What factors influence our sexual motivation and behavior?

42. Teen Pregnancy

43. THE SEXUALIZATION OF GIRLS • Sexualization occurs when girls • Are led to value themselves in terms of their sexual appeal • Compare themselves to narrowly defined beauty standards • Countering sexualizing media occurs by • Teaching girls to value themselves for who they are rather than how they look • Teaching boys to value girls as friends, sisters, and girlfriends rather than sexual objects • Teaching all children to develop media literacy skills to resist negative media images T.Arroyo/ JPegFoto/ PictureGroup via AP IMAGES

44. Which THREE of the following five factors contribute to unplanned teen pregnancies? a. Alcohol use b. Higher intelligence level c. Unprotected sex d. Mass media models e. Increased communication about options

45. Sexual Orientation: Why DoWe Differ? • Environment and sexual orientation • Biology and sexual orientation

46. Sexual Orientation: Why Do We Differ? • Sexual orientation • Enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) • the other sex (heterosexual orientation) • or both sexes (bisexual orientation) • In all cultures, heterosexuality has prevailed and bisexuality and homosexuality have endured.

47. Sexual Orientation • Around world, cultures vary widely in social norms for acceptable partners. • APA and WHO say efforts to change sexual orientation are unlikely to be successful and involve some risk of harm. • In U.S. • 60 percent support accepting homosexuality • 13 percent of women and 5 percent of men report some same sex contact • 3 percent of men and 1-2 percent of men report exclusive homosexuality

48. Biology and Sexual Orientation • Lack of evidence for environmental influences on homosexuality has led researchers to explorative lines of biological evidence • Same-sex attraction in other species • Gay-straight brain differences • Genetic influences • Prenatal influences • Gay-straight trait differences

49. Environment and Sexual Orientation: Myth Busters AP Photo/Stephen J. Carerra • Homosexuality • Is not linked to problem parent-child relationships • Does not involve fear of hatred of opposite sex • Is not linked with levels of hormones currently in blood • To childhood molestation, seduction, or other sexual victimization PERSONAL VALUES AFFECT SEXUAL ORIENTATION LESS THAN THEY AFFECT OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

50. Biology and Sexual Orientation • Same-sex attraction in other species • Same-sex sexual behaviors observed in several hundred species • Gay-straight brain differences • LeVay Postmortem brain structure research: Cell cluster in hypothalamus larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual menbrain anatomy influences sexual orientation • Savic function studies: Differential brain arousal in straight menand gay men and straight and lesbian women