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Children of Immigrants

Children of Immigrants. Karina Fortuny The Urban Institute American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Chapter Advocacy Institute Schaumburg, IL, March 16, 2012. CME Disclosure.

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Children of Immigrants

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  1. Children of Immigrants Karina Fortuny The Urban Institute American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Chapter Advocacy Institute Schaumburg, IL, March 16, 2012

  2. CME Disclosure • I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) and/or provider(s) of commercial services discussed in this CME activity • I do not intend to discuss an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device in my presentation.

  3. Labor, Human Services, and Population Center at the Urban Institute • Nonpartisan economic and social policy research organization. • LHP studies factors that impact the well-being of families and individuals via high quality policy relevant research on population change, the family, labor markets, and the public policies and social services that affect vulnerable populations. • Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute or its funders.

  4. Today’s Presentation • Children of immigrants • Population growth • Racial and ethnic diversity • Children in mixed-status families • Economic well-being • Public benefits use • Eligibility provisions for immigrants

  5. Data and Limitations • American Community Survey, 2008-2009 • Nationally representative sample • State and local-level analysis • Includes unauthorized immigrants, but under-sampled and difficult to identify • Limitations • Smaller geographic areas cannot be analyzed in detail • No legal status information • Not longitudinal • Under-reporting of public benefits use

  6. Children

  7. One of Four Children Age 0 to 17 Has Immigrant Parents Nationally • 16.8 million children (2009) • Double from 8.3 million in 1990 • 23 percent of children age 0 to 17 have at least one immigrant parent • Up from 13 percent in 1990 • Higher shares for younger children • 25 percent for age 0 to 2 compared with 21 percent for age 16 to 17

  8. Children of Immigrants Drove the Growth in U.S. Child Population

  9. Children of Immigrants are a Growing Share of Child Population 2009 1990 Source: Urban Institute tabulations from the IPUMS datasets drawn from the 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing and the 2008 and 2009 ACS.

  10. White, non-Hispanic Share of U.S. Children Decreased from 61 to 56 percent between 2000 and 2008-2010

  11. Children of Immigrants are Contributing to Demographic Shift

  12. A Quarter of Children of Immigrants Have Parents without a High School Degree

  13. More than Half of Children of Immigrants Have ELL Parents

  14. Children of Immigrants Are More Likely to be in Poor and Low-income Families

  15. Poverty Rates Vary Across the States Source: Urban Institute tabulations from the IPUMS datasets drawn from the 2008 and 2009 ACS.

  16. Almost All Children of Immigrants are U.S. Citizens, Yet a Large Share Have Noncitizen Parents

  17. Children of Immigrants in Families with Lower Average Incomes but Incomes Vary Depending on Citizenship

  18. Poor Children of Immigrants Have Lower Rates of SNAP Receipt

  19. Large Gap in SNAP Rates for Children of Immigrants versus Children of Natives in Majority of States Source: Urban Institute tabulations from the IPUMS datasets drawn from the 2008 and 2009 ACS. Notes: State SNAP receipt rates are categorized as “much worse” if the rate for children of immigrants is 25 or more percentage points lower than the rate for children with native-born parents; as “worse,” if the rate for children of immigrants is 10 to 24 percentage points lower; and as “about the same,” if the rate for children of immigrants is 0 to 9 percentage points lower than the rate for children with native-born parents. State SNAP receipt rates are categorized as “better” if the rate for children of immigrants is higher than the rate for children with native-born parents.

  20. Lower Enrollment in Medicaid/ CHIP

  21. Eligibility Provisions for Immigrants

  22. Federal Policy • PRWORA, welfare reform of 1996 • Federal means-tested programs (SNAP, TANF, Medicaid/CHIP, SSI) • Qualified and non-qualified immigrants • Five or fewer years in qualified status (five-year ban) for post-enactment immigrants • Refugees, asylees, and others exempt from five-year ban • States can use state-only funding for substitute benefits

  23. Key State Provisions on TANF, SNAP, and Medicaid/ CHIP • State-only food assistance to qualified immigrants • State-only substitute TANF and Medicaid to qualified immigrants during five-year ban • Federal/state-funded Medicaid/or CHIP benefits to lawfully present immigrant children and pregnant women as authorized by CHIPRA • State-only benefits to nonqualified immigrants

  24. Seven States Provide State-only Funded Food Assistance to Qualified Immigrants Source: Fortuny and Chaudry, 2011.

  25. Twenty-two States Provide State-only Cash Assistance During the Five-year Ban

  26. Twenty-two States and the District of Columbia Provide Medicaid and CHIP under CHIPRA

  27. Fourteen States and the District of Columbia with State-only Health Coverage to Immigrants Other than Children and Pregnant Women

  28. Recent Research Identifies Other Barriers to Access • Complexity of application, eligibility rules and verification • Administrative burdens and errors • Language, literacy, and culture • Transportation and other logistical barriers • Climates of fear and mistrust • Special challenges for children in mixed-status families Source: Perreira, K. M., R. Crosnoe, K. Fortuny, J. Pedroza, K. Ulvestad, C. Weiland, and H. Yoshikawa. Forthcoming. “Barriers to Immigrants’ Access to Health and Human Services Programs.” Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.

  29. Conclusion

  30. Key Issues for Children in Immigrant Families • Growing share of children population • Immigrant parents have high work effort but earn lower incomes • Higher poverty rates and economic hardship • Children of immigrants in low-income families and households have lower use of public benefits • Eligibility provisions and other barriers contribute to lower participation rates • Important to examine state and local policy context

  31. Contact Information Karina Fortuny The Urban Institute kfortuny@urban.org

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