Soc. 100 Lecture 16.C8 Stratification

1. Edited 3/31/01 Soc. 100 Lecture 16.C8 Stratification 1

2. 0. Introduction 1. Some Basics concepts * 1(b). Social Mobility * 2. Theories of Social Class * 2(a) Functionalists (Meritocracy) Durkheim et. el. 2(b) Conflict Marx 2(c) Wealth, Power, Prestige, Weber 3. Social Stratification in the US The American Class System * 4. Poverty in America 5. Global Stratification Social Stratification 2

3. - jimmy and Bobby's life chances (pg 273) 0. Introduction possibilities for college size of income political influence social esteem mental illness health life span where you live Social class Ethnicity Race Gender (Talent & Efforts) Related or determines 3

4. What Class are You ? 1. List the education in years of your Mother ___________ Father____________ 2. What was your family income in 2000 or 2001 ___________ 3. What is the occupation of: Mother ___________ Father____________ Self (goal) ________ You decide who is head of household --check out workbook “SES” questions then look at the text page 282- 283 to determine your SES 4

5. Social Differentiation- different social roles and evaluation developed in early societies through division of labor (not in Soc100 text) Social stratification - social divisions into layers with different access to rewards & opportunities (families) Status--a persons position in the system of stratification Social class-- people who occupy the same position (strata layer) in the socioeconomic hierarchy ---many theorist base on family Criteria for stratification (SES) - wealth, income,occupation, education, power, prestige, (ethnicity, gender, age etc.) General characteristics of social class • overlapping of criteria • most see themselves as middle class • also related to gender, ethnicity (race), age • variety of measurement techniques * Status inconsistencies; aspects of status are out of sync (college professor minister (hi prestige, low $) off shore oil rig worker (low prestige, high $) 1. Some Basics concepts 5

6. Differentiation: varying treatment based sex, age, kinship to ascribe rights and duties Stratification: a particular type of differentiation where ranking and of positions with corresponding importance and rewards and transmitted socially over generations UC M-F Homosexual MC M-F Homosexual LC M-F Homosexual Mode:Race, ethnicity, disabilities 1a Stratification vs. Differentiation-not in text Gender, sexual orientation are examples of differentiation Race, ethnicity tend to be stratification 6

7. movement up or down the social ladder 1b. Social Mobility (a) closed system---ascribed social position (Traditional caste system in India*) (b) open system system ---achieved social position (ideal of U.S system) (c) mobility* Structural mobility--movement up or down of layers in the stratification system individual mobility -- an individual movement up or down the status hierarchy 7

8. Brahmins-priests and scholars Kshatriya-nobles and warriors Sudra-peasants, laborers and artisans Harijans/untouchables-street sweepers, scavengers, leather workers, swine hearders. In rural areas may not be allowed to enter temple, draw well water, etc (a) closed system---ascribed social position (Traditional Caste system in India*) Nearly 1/4 billion people refer to themselves as dallies, meaning “oppressed people” 8

9. All have equal access Differences due to hard work and individual abilities Emphasizes values of individualism, competition, freedom of choice Inequality due to lack of ability or individual efforts (b) open system system ---achieved social position (ideal of U.S system) 9

10. (c) Types of Individual Mobility: moving up or down the status hierarchy Mobility 10 A Absolute B Generational C Relative A & B Absolute

11. ----Structural Mobility in U.S.------- Except for depression and recent decades consistent upward movement (d) Structural Mobility 1900 - 1960 (?) -- rise of the whole system; tech, jobs 1970 - 1990 --- rise of upper & decrease in lower With probably 1 working outside the home With 2 working outside the home 11

12. Status/social class measurement techniques 1. Objective criteria (SES) Wealth-Income-education 2. Subjective method - e.g. occupational prestige 3. reputational studies - who you know / like Theoretical Class Structure systems are varied 1. Blue collar --- white collar 2. Upper -- Middle -- Working ---Lower 3. UU, MU, LU -- UM, MM, LM -- UL, ML, LL Divisions depend on the problem addressed and the differences found in the classes 12

13. Survivability------>Division of labor ------> stratification 2(a). Theories of Social Class --Functionalists Meritocracy Durkheim et. el. 1. Societies depend on variety of interdependent social roles. 2. The roles differ in desirability, importance, qualifications 3. Thus rewards and status or unequal (this is seen as necessary to motivate) Meritocracy; system in which social rewards are distributed on basis of achievement in a structure of equal opportunity (the U.S. value accepted as a truth) Herbert Ganns sees poverty is functional; no crime -->no police, no poor---> no social worker 13

14. Economic Determinism Karl Marx: Stratification is major source of conflict -history is class struggle -class development is a result of division of labor -class; relationship to production -class controls all • self image • religion, law • "false consciousness" -progress through conflict -seeds of destruction or w / in the society (feudalism produced excess and base for capitalism. Capitalism increased proletariat and provided basis for developing common ID) 2(b). Theories of Social Class--Conflict Marx The Manifesto Haves vs. Have nots Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat 14

15. Marxist inspired revolutions haven’t developed in capitalist societies but rather in agrarian societies Marx failed to forecast broad structural mobility Marx failed to see importance or development of the middle class (middle management) as a buffer Marx failed to seethe development of power sources for laborers through labor unions and political participation Some Problems with Marx’s Predictions With the increased differences between workers and owners in the US and the world will Mark’s predictions occur? 15

16. -----Found Marx too simple and added---- 2 (c) Theories of Social Class --Wealth, Power, Prestige, Weber • Stratification depends on three variables - Wealth: ownership or control of objects -Power: ability to have one's way in communal action -Prestige: popularity in a group • Ideology / beliefs can be seen as causes for change The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism • Stratification is thus multidimensional and group formation depends on emphasis of interests • Rationalization--”natural process” of a social organization, refining and defining (Bureaucracies and “meritocracies”) { These Sometimes coincide and sometimes do not. 16

17. Ms Marx: Karl Marx’s great granddaughter Katherina a German actress 1999Corrupted by Capitalism?

18. 3. Social Stratification in the US The American Class System * Not same as text a. Class structure* b. Distribution of wealth / income in the U.S. c. occupational prestige, table 8-2 page 255 17

19. 3(a). Class structure 10 18

20. 3(b). Distribution of wealth / income in the U.S Wealth -- what people own, ( or control) Income -- earned money; wages, interest dividends, etc. Richest man US and world 46 billion 2002 stock market down • Wealthiest 1/5 earn/income about 10X poorest 1/5 • Wealthiest 1/5 own 3/4 of nations wealth • Last 2 decades top 1% increased worth by 40% bottom 90% decreased worth by 20% ---Rich got richer poor got poorer--- costs for basics (food, clothes..) -----------------same costs for homes, cars, education, medical --up 19 See other caparisons in text page 285

21. Nearly propertyless class, (45%) worth <$30,000, few assets, bank accounts, homes (36%, cars (90%) “Nest Egg” class, (45%) worth <$30,000-$300,000, savers not investors (CD’d, bonds etc), major assets are bank accounts, and homes Investor class, $300,000 or more, controls 2/3 of US wealth, homes and cars are only 15% of their worth Inequality in Wealth p285 20

22. Forbes identified 400 worth =>$400 million 1/2 are “self made” (Bill Gates came from a well off UMC family) Warren Buffett… Second group run/control businesses started by earlier generations (Johnsons Wax, Wrigleys, Mars candy bars) Third group inherited but do little or no work (Sam Walton’s heirs, McDonald’s heirs) Forth group notable in absence because fortunes are depleted or dispersed (Rockerfellers, Melons, Fords America’s Rich p285-286 Therefore much of wealth in US is New Wealth 21

23. Many (most?) children in the US will not progress to the same level their parents did many will rent, have limited retirement, The Shrinking Middle page 286 22

24. -poverty line; government estimate $15,569 family of 4 in 1995 Poverty gap--difference in income and poverty line {arguments about $ for line and numbers in poverty to low, to high, does not account for geographical differences -relative vs. absolute poverty; {US vs. undeveloped, US vs. developed nations} -poverty in recent U.S.; change since 74 and 94 (1) 16% increase in gap for families 25% for individuals (2) 1973’s low of 11% counted as poor 1995 13.8% counted as poor 4. Poverty in America 23

25. -Characteristics of the poor in the US are quite diverse • Risk --urban, feminization, racial minorities, children, • new poor--"structural unemployment", auto, mfg. • pattern-- for most poverty is temporary and cyclical, -life stage -economy •Ethnicity--48% White, Odds:3X + for blacks and Latinos •Age--increase for children (50% of increase since 70’s) children 1 of 5 are poor, 2 of 5 black or Latino Old rate is down: 1960 355--1994 12% •Where--more severe, concentrated in big cities •Work--only 1/4 could possibly work (age, disability) -Ghetto Poor--the black underclass * -impact of poverty ----jimmy and bobby* -Homeless• 4(a) Poverty in US--Who are the poor-1 50% Of increase in poverty since 70’s is children 24

26. (1) Majority of Poor are African American or Latino 48% of poor are white, higher risk for minorities becoming poor (2) Most Poor do not want to Work 1/2 are children are older the 65, 25% disabled, those able work some of the time (3) Most Poor live in the Inner City <42% live in inner cities, 58% live in suburbs, rural areas etc. (4) Most Poor are single mothers and their Children 63% of poor are married or living alone or with non relatives, single mothers are 3X more likely to be poor (5) Poor mothers live off welfare Only 40% of poor collect welfare benefits. Only 2% AFDC became chronic dependents mot off welfare in 2 years (6) Welfare programs are big burden on the budget Only 14% of federal expenditures were for welfare in 1996 (7) Antipoverty programs are designed to reduce poverty Most welfare is designed to sustain, only 10% goes to education and training Stereotypes and 1/2 Truths About The Poor (p292,293) 25

27. Growth in recent decades of the working poor; people who do not earn enough to keep themselves and family out of poverty 13% of adult poor worked full time in 1995 and still did not make it above poverty level Men in poverty wage jobs rose from 13% to to 23% in 1995 while females declined from 39% to 37% Working Poor A job no longer guarantees that an individual and/or their family will not be poor 26

28. 5 year lifetime limit for federal cash assistance 2 year assistance for able bodied after 2 years unless they get a job 3 month limit on food stamps for unemployed in any 3 year period Denial of assistance to unwed mothers Ok unless they go to school and live with an adult Additional cash to states that lower unwed mother rate Increased funding for childcare May receive Medicaid for 2 years if not allowed welfare but have no job Public Policy Goal is to reduce welfare rolls and move people welfare participants to workforce 27

29. • modern phenomenon (Chicago yesterday -- today) 4(b) Poverty in US: Ghetto poor--the black underclass (underclass is code for “undeserving poor”) Yesterday: Chicago blacks lived in 1 square mile area but were employed, jobs ranged labor to professional. There was a "community" Soweto=Chicago Ghetto Today: Chicago blacks still live in circumscribed area and 66% unemployed 1/2 no partner 1/2 not complete high school 6/10 babies wedlock 60% on welfare 2/3 households s moms 1/3 income of rest of Chicago 3/4 no checks, car, ins • There are more young U.S. blacks in prison then in college • In U.S. 2/5 of blacks unlikely to find a job 28

30. ---page 298-299-- Culture of Poverty : values thus behavior Values of low aspiration, impulsiveness sexual irresponsibility, laziness (opposite of middle class) Structural change in society : -social structure- deindustrialization and changes in composition of the ghetto. -Jobs, (Warehouses, factories...), and MC moved to suburbs -Results social isolation and loss of community and informal organizations, role models for youth, fewer controls and rules for children -Rise in drug business creates situation of social isolation and behavior follows Structural change and values : creation of values by social structure then future behavior follows from those values 4(c) Poverty in US* Social Theories of -Ghetto poverty 29

31. -the homeless -- 20 years ago; male, alcoholic, 50+ years old -- today; mixed group, male (62%), mid 30's, veterans(18%), mentally disturbed (12%), disabled (2.8%), increase in women (22%), mothers (.5%), children (.9) Major characteristic -length of unemployment, level of disability, social isolation 4(d). Poverty in US Causes of homelessness Why 1. Decline in demand for low skilled workers 2. Cuts in assistance programs 3. cutbacks in subsidies for disabled -deinstutionalization of 70-80's 4. Less availability of low cost housing 5. Arrival of crack in mid 80s (had been alcohol) 6. Polices focus on emergencies not solutions 30 Estimated 250,000 to 3 million are homeless

32. Possibilities of draft and death in Vietnam Prenatal care and Infant mortality Chronic disease and general health as adults Quality and amount of treatment for illness Possibility divorce higher intensity of suffering from economic change (loss of job, no extra/saved $, food cost is high % of expenses) Possibility of being a victim, perpetrator, arrested, are imprisoned in crime Ability to affect situation (vote, political participation) Quality and type (discipline,training) of education Etc. 4(e) Poverty in US Impact Of Poverty- Life Chances 31

33. --page 304-308 • Global stratification industrialization reduced differences within a society increased differences between societies. (comparison p305 and web page below) 5. Global Stratification-- Wallerstein “World Market System” - industrial nations diversified, colonies specialized, - 3rd world has overabundance of dependents, - industrial nations control technology -status today: 3 competing areas: N. America, Europe, Pacific Rim 32 See “http://caldera.calstatela.edu/DemoLab/” to compare countries

34. Core States: expanding economy, capitalist agriculture, trade, manufacturing, services, specialized economy to complement trading partners(US, Germany, France....) Peripheral areas: underdeveloped, unskilled/coerced labor, extraction or labor export and agricultural staples, initially colonies then Gov. by native U/C and M/C (Philippines, Mexico, El Salvador, Jamaica...) Semi-peripheral: avoided subordination by core, large or special assets, have some characteristics of core (India, PRC, Brazil, Spain, Turkey, South Korea... Economic Alignment 5b World Systems Theory 33

35. • First World: industrialized capitalist nations led by the US (US, Japan, Germany,...) • Second: the more developed socialist countries led by the USSR (USSR, Poland, Romania....) Third World: “nonaligned”, developing countries (n=125) also used to refer to nonindustralized countries, unskilled, low tech, specialized economies (e.g. PRC, India, Brazil.... Political Alignment -Older categories Pre end of “cold war” 5c First, Second, Third World 34

36. Lenski: History of the changing structure of human societies 5(c). Social Class and the history of societies --Lenski and Wallerstein-different chapter in text Hunters and Gathers Horticulturists Agrarian States Industrial Nations World Systems • there is a pattern to stratification • pattern is related to technology development See in more complete outline version in back of class workbook “Changing Structure of Human Societies” 35

37. Group Study TopicsGoals The idea is to be able to briefly present in your own words : 1. A summary of the general point or points of the text section 2. The meaning of basic terms used in the text section 3. The basic concepts of the text section 36

38. Don’t Print Discussion Topics 1. WHAT IS STRATIFICATION? Pg XXX AND THE DIFFIRENT TYPES OF MOBILITY (with examples) 2. THEORIES TO ACCOUNT FOR SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Marx and Weber's theory sections pg. XXX Functionalists and Global stratification sections pg XXX 3. DESCRIBE POVERTY in AMERICA pg XXX 4. DESCRIBE GLOBAL STRATIFICATION WITH EXAMPLES pg XXX 37

39. 1. WHAT IS STRATIFICATION? pg. XXX Don’t Print Topics: Introduction, What is stratification?, Open and closed social systems, how to measure stratification position Some Terms: social stratification, status, social class, status inconsistency, open and closed stratification systems, ascribed status, achieved status 38

40. 2. THEORIES TO ACCOUNT FOR SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Don’t Print (1) Topics: Marx's theory, Weber's theory sections pg. 273-276 Terms: Mode of production, feudal societies, bourgeoisie, proletariat, class struggle, wealth, power, prestige (2) Topics: Functionalists and Global stratification sections pg. 276-279, 282 Terms: Meritocracy, technology, laissez-faire 39

41. Don’t Print 3. DESCRIBE OF STRATIFICATION IN THE US AND COMPARISON WITH JAPAN pg. 252-258 and 280-281 Topics: The American Class system, The changing distribution of wealth and income in the US, Social stratification in Japan Terms: Income, wealth, deindustrialization, cultural lag, 40

42. Don’t Print 4. CLASS SUMMARY OF STRATIFICATION Topics: POVERTY IN THE US, THE GHETTO, THE HOMELESS, and SOCIAL MOBILITY Terms: Social mobility, structural mobility, structural unemployment, underclass, life chances, poverty line, number of poor vs. risk or rate of being poor 41

43. Don’t Print Thought Questions 1.What parts of each theory of stratification make sense to you? Do any of the theories appear to explain all stratification? 2.Japan and the US appear to differ in the nature of their stratification. Why should this not be surprising? 3.If all groups in society improve their standard of living a similar amount, has stratification changed? What does the term relative mean? 42

44. Don’t Print • 1. The ideal for the U.S. is a system where people can rise or go down in social status. What is this type of system called. • 2. A system such as reported in traditional India where people are strictly classified in their status position is called? • 3. Name one variable Weber thought was important that Marx did not see as important. • 4. Does the U.S. have the most open class system in the world? If no, name one country that is more open • 5. A social stratification system in which social rewards are based on achievement is called? • 6. Professors and ministers are typically treated with deference and respect in a community but compared to others with the same education and responsibilities their pay is low. What do sociologists call this discrepancy? • 7. Give an example in the US where differentiation rather then stratification applies. • 8. Name 5 factors that are affected by ones social status. • 9. Except for the depression and recent history the economic standing for all Americans has improved. What specific type of mobility is this? • 10. Andy has a college degree, makes $45,000 a year as head of the planning office for the city of Bakersfield. What is Andy’s social class according to text? QUIZ p1 Questions 44

45. 11. What proportion of the wealth of the US is owned by the top 1/5? 12. What “racial” category in the US has the largest number of welfare recipients? 13. Which age group is 50% of the increase in the poor classification in the US since the 70’s? 14. Jim works full time at Joanne's Burgers but he is unable to support his family without assistance. What category does the text say Jim is a member of? 15. Name one of the structural causes of homelessness. 16. Wallerstien “World Systems Theory” would classify Mexico (pretty much a dependant relationship with the US as a Core, Peripheral or Semi Peripheral state? 17. Which type of society is thought to have worked the least number of hours a day? Don’t Print Quiz p2

46. Don’t Print • 1. The ideal for the U.S. is a system where people can rise or go down in social status. What is this type of system called. Open system • 2. A system such as reported in traditional India where people are strictly classified in their status position is called?Closed system • 3. Name one variable Weber thought was important that Marx did not see as important. Ideology (beliefs), prestige • 4. Does the U.S. have the most open class system in the world? If no, name a country is more openNo Switzerland, France for example are more open • 5. A social stratification system in which social rewards are based on achievement is called? Meritocracy, Open System • 6. Professors and ministers are typically treated with deference and respect in a community but compared to others with the same education and responsibilities their pay is low. What is this discrepancy called by sociologists? Status inconsistency • 7. Give an example in the US where differentiation rather then stratification applies. gender, sexual orientation, disabilities QUIZ p1answers 44

47. 8. Name 5 factors that are affected by ones social status. Education, physical/mental illness, life span, esteem, residence, arrest, income, wealth, occupation and others 9. Except for the depression and recent history the economic standing for all Americans has improved. What specific type of mobility is this? Structural Mobility (upward mobility is inadequate) 10. Andy has a college degree, makes $45,000 a year as head of the planning office for the city of Bakersfield. What is Andy’s social class according to text? Middle Class 11. What proportion of the wealth of the US is owned by the top 1/5? 3/4 12. What “racial” category in the US has the largest number of welfare recipients? White 13. Which age group is 50% of the increase in the poor classification in the US since the 70’s? children 14. Jim works full time at Joanne's Burgers but he is unable to support his family without assistance. What category does the text say Jim is a member of? Working Poor Don’t Print Quiz p2 answers

48. 15. Name one of the structural causes of homelessness. Decline in demand for low skilled workers, Cuts in programs, cutbacks in subsidies to disabled, Lack of low cost housing, Crack, focus on emergencies not solutions, Deinstitutionalization of mentally ill 16. Wallerstien “World Systems Theory” would classify Mexico (pretty much a dependant relationship with the US as a Core, Peripheral or Semi Peripheral state? Peripheral 17. Which type of society is thought to have worked the least number of hours a day? Hunter-gatherer Don’t Print Quiz p3 answers

49. Closed System Meritocracy Social mobility Status Inconsistency Structural Mobility Wealth Don’t Print Define and give an example of each of the following concepts Concept Quiz Chapter 8 Omit any one term, must write OMIT over the question number