Chapter 11 Section 1

1. Chapter 11 Section 1 Objective: Examine how the United States settled its land disputes with Great Britain and Spain? Analyze President Monroe’s reasons for issuing the Monroe Doctrine and describe its most important points? The Rise of Nationalism

2. I. The Era of Good Feelings • Time of peace after the War of 1812 was known as the Era of Good Feelings • Republican James Monroe won the presidential elections of 1816 and 1820. • Relations with British Canada • Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada • Convention of 1818 gave the United States fishing rights off parts of Newfoundland and Labrador coasts • Also set borders between Canada and United States at the 49th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains. • In addition, both nations agreed to jointly occupy part of the Pacific Northwest.

3. II. Issue of Florida • Border with Spain • Some Americans wanted to settle in Spanish Florida. • Americans were also concerned about Seminole Indians in the region who aided runaway slaves and attacked U.S. towns. • War • President Monroe sent troops under Andrew Jackson to secure the border. • Jackson’s troops invaded Florida to capture Seminole raiders, which began the first Seminole War. • Also attacked Spanish ports and overthrew the governor of Spanish Florida, all without direct orders from President Monroe

4. III. The Monroe Doctrine • Spain’s Problems • Spain’s Central and South American colonies challenged Spanish rule. • Simon Bolivar, know as the Liberator, led many of these revolutions in Latin America, which gained the support of many people in the U.S. • A New Foreign Policy • Monroe worried that other European powers might try take control of the newly independent countries in Latin America. • As a result, Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. • Doctrine declared that foreign powers should not create new colonies in North and South America and that the U.S. would view European interference in Latin America as a hostile act. • Some European leaders protested but few challenged the act.

5. Important Questions: 3. Who was the president of the United States during the Era of Good Feelings? • What were the terms of the Convention of 1818?

6. Important Questions 5. What disputes arose between Spain and the U.S. over Spanish Florida? • What territory did each side give up in the Adams-Onis Treaty?

7. Important Questions 7. What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?

9. Objectives: • Describe the issues that the Missouri Compromise was supposed to address? • Analyze how improvements in transportation affected the united States? • Explain why the 1824 presidential election was controversial? Ch 11 Section 2 Expansion and Improvements

10. I. The Missouri Compromise A. A Major Regional Conflict • Missouri leaders applied to enter the union as a slave state in 1819. • At the time, the U.S. has 11 slave states and 11 free states. • Free states in the North had larger population, so they controlled the House of Representatives. B. Restrictions on Slavery • Northern representatives agreed to accept Missouri as a slave state but only with certain restrictions on slavery. • Importing slaves into Missouri would be illegal, and all children of slaves would become free at age 25. • Restrictions angered southern politicians, and Senate rejected the restrictions.

11. I. The Missouri Compromise C. Missouri Compromise • Kentucky representative Henry Clay crafted the Missouri Compromise. • Missouri would enter the union as a slave state without restrictions. • Maine would enter as a free state. • Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36o 30’

12. II. Internal Improvements • The American System was a plan to use tariffs to protect domestic industries. • Revenues would be used for internal improvements, such as roads and canals. • Henry Clay proposed this plan, which he hoped would better connect the country, • Some members of Congress argued that the U.S. Constitution did not permit the federal government to fund internal improvements. • Congress approved the protective tariff, but states and private citizens funded most of the improvements to the country’s internal transportation system

13. III. New Roads and Canals • Roads • In the early 1800s, most roads were in poor condition. • The Cumberland Road, the first road built by the federal government, ran from Maryland to West Virginia. • Water Transportation • Canals, or artificial waterways, were built to connect existing waterways. • The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, ran from Albany to Buffalo, NY. • Cost millions of dollars but proved to be worth the expense.

14. IV. The Election of 1824 • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee both ran as Republicans. • A Disputed election • Jackson won the popular vote but did not win a majority of electoral votes. • The House of Representative determined the winner of the election. • Speaker of the House Henry Clay supported Adams, whom the House selected as the next president. • Adams made Clay his secretary of state, which led Jackson’s supporters to charge that the new president had made a “corrupt bargain” with Clay.

15. Important Questions 4. What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise?

16. Important Questions 5. Why did some members of Congress object to the American System?

17. Important Questions 6. Why did the House Of Representatives determine the outcome of the 1824 election? 7. Why did some Americans accuse Adams of a “corrupt bargain” with Clay?

19. Objectives: • Examine how Jacksonian Democracy was a sign of change in American politics • Explore how tariff disputes led to the nullification crisis, and how President Jackson responded. • Describe why President Jackson was against a national bank and how his resistance affected the economy. Ch 11 Section 3 The Age of Jackson

20. Important Questions 4. How did Jackson reward his supporters? 5. Why did William Henry Harrison easily win the presidency of 1840?

21. Homework Quiz Questions • Who won the election of 1828? • What political party was formed in 1828? • Who won the election of 1836? • What new political party ran in the election of 1836 against the old Vice President? • What state did Jackson threaten to send troops to enforce federal law? • What was the name of that crisis?

22. I. Jacksonian Democracy • Voting Rights. • Some states removed property requirements for voting, which allowed more white men to vote. • Some political parties began holding nominating conventions, or public meetings to select the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates. • This expansion of rights became know as Jacksonian Democracy, after popular politician Andrew Jackson. • Political Parties • People who supported Andrew Jackson formed the Democratic Party. • Jackson chose Senator John C. Calhoun as his vice presidential running mate in the presidential election of 1828.

23. II. Jackson’s Victory • In the election of 1828, Jackson won a record number of popular votes to defeat John Quincy Adams, who had run as a National Republican. • Celebrated as a victory of the common people. • President Jackson • Rewarded supporters with government jobs- practice known as the spoils system • Appointed Martin Van Buren as secretary of state. • Replied upon an informal group of advisers called the “Kitchen cabinet”.

24. Important Questions • How did Jackson reward his supporters? - He offered them government positions, a practice known as the spoils system.

25. III. Conflict over Tariffs • Northern manufactures wanted high tariffs to protect industry. • Southerners, with little industry to protect, favored low tariffs • In 1828 Congress passed a tariff with high rates, which southerners condemned as the “Tariff of Abominations.”

26. IV. The Nullification Crisis • South Carolina and the Tariff • VP John C. Calhoun opposed the new tariff. • Calhoun supported “states’ rights”, or the belief that the federal government’s power are strictly limited by the U.S. Constitution. • Argued that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any federal law that they considered unconstitutional. • This dispute led to the nullification crisis. • Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster opposed nullification and state rebellion • South Carolina legislature tried to nullify the 1828 and 1832 tariffs.

27. IV. The Nullification Crisis B. Jackson’s Response • Jackson threatened to send troops to south Carolina to enforce federal law. • In a compromise, South Carolina agreed to enforce the tariffs, and Congress agreed to lower tariff rates over time.

28. V. The Second Bank of the United States A. Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States, created in 1816. • In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the bank was constitutional and that federal law was superior to state law. • Jackson convinced Congress not to recharter the Second Bank and moved most of the bank’s funds into state banks.

29. VI. Van Buren’s Presidency A. Opponents of Jackson formed the Whig Party in 1834. • Four Whig candidates opposed Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren in the 1836 presidential election; Van Buren won. • A financial crisis called the Panic of 1837, mostly the result of Jackson’s economic policies, damaged Van Buren’s reputation. • Whig candidate William Henry Harrison easily defeated Van Buren in 1840.

30. Important Questions • Why did William Henry Harrison easily win the presidency in 1840? -The Panic of 1837 had made incumbent Martin van Buren unpopular. - Van Buren came from a wealthy family and Harrison was from lower class background which made Harrison popular with the common people.

32. 11.4 Homework Check Quiz • Who refused the Indian removal in present day Illinois? • What law did Congress pass to help stop conflicts between American Indians and settlers? • What was the 800 mile march to Oklahoma called? • Who led the Seminole Indians against the U.S. Army? • Who created the Cherokee writing system? • How did the Cherokee resist the U.S. government policies?

33. Objectives: • Explain why the federal and state governments began American Indian removal policy. • Examine how American Indians such as the Cherokee resisted removal. • Describe how American Indians were affected by removal from their lands. Ch 11 Section 4 Indian Removal

34. Important Questions • What was the cause of the Black Hawk War? • Why did President Jackson favor the removal of American Indians from the American Southeast? • What effect did the court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia have on the Cherokee? • What role did Osceola play in the Second Seminole War?

35. I. The Black Hawk War • Black Hawk was a leader of the Sauk Indians • Refused to leave Illinois after U.S. officials ordered the Sauk there to move. • U.S. soldiers attacked and later defeated the Sauk. • By 1850 the U.S. Army had removed all American Indians from the old Northwest Territory.

36. Important Questions • What was the cause of the Black Hawk War? - Sauk leader Black Hawk refused to obey the U.S. government’s order for the Sauk to leave Illinois

37. II. The Indian Removal Act A. President Jackson wanted to open lands in the American Southwest to U.S. settlers. • In 1830 the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the removal of American Indians who lived east of the Mississippi River. • Congress created the Indian Territory, in most of what is now Oklahoma, as a new Indian homeland.

38. II. The Indian Removal Act • The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to oversee federal policy toward American Indians • Some Choctaw leaders signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which gave more than 7.5 million acres of Choctaw land to the state of Mississippi. • About ¼ of the Choctaw died during their winter journey to Indian Territory because federal officials had not provided enough food or supplies. • Followed by forced removal of Creek from lands mainly in Alabama and removal of Chickasaw from lands mainly in Mississippi.

39. III. The Cherokee • Cherokee hoped to avoid removal in part by adopting the culture of white settlers. • A Cherokee named Sequoya invented a writing system for the Cherokee language. • Cherokee created a government inspired by the U.S. Constitution and elected John Ross, a Cherokee plantation owner, as the first principal chief.

40. Important Questions • Why was the Victory in the Battle of the Thames significant for the United States?

41. IV. The British on the Offensive • In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its Blockade of U.S. ports. • British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore. V. The British on New Orleans • British forces launched attack on New Orleans. • American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

42. VI. Ending the War • The Hartford Convention. • New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention. • Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States. • Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights. • War ended; Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power. • The Peace Treaty • The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 24, 1814. • Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered; treaty provided no solutions to problems of impressments and trade. • Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace.

43. Important Questions • What were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent?