Chapter 11 Section 1

1. Chapter 11 Section 1 The Industrial Revolution

2. A Revolution in Technology • 1700’s- The Industrial Revolution • Machines took the place of many hand tools • Began in Britain (textile/cloth making industry)

3. Machines and Factories • 1760’s---the spinning jenny (sped up the thread making process) • 1764--- Richard Arkwright invented the water frame (a spinning machine powered by running water instead of human power) • To house the large machines, textile mills were built on the banks of rivers. • Mills created the factory system • Because this required huge amounts of money, mill owners turned to capitalists---people who invest capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit.

4. Disadvantages of factories built on river banks In a dry season, machines had no power Far from cities Labor hard to find in rural areas 1790- Arkwright built the first steam powered textile plant Britain tried to guard it’s secret---forbidding all skilled workers to leave the country Steam Power

5. The American Industrial Revolution • Samuel Slater- young apprentice of Arkwright’s factories • 1789- Slater immigrated to the U.S. • Once in the U.S., he relied on his memory and constructed a spinning machine • Slater’s factories began producing cotton thread at a rate never seen in the U.S. before this time.

6. American Industry Grows • Industrialization began in the Northeast. • Francis Cabott Lowell- visited England to see the latest weaving machines • Came back to the U.S. and built an improved version of what he seen • Lowell opened a mill that brought spinning and weaving together in one place

7. The Lowell Girls • Factories staffed with young girls from nearby farms • “Lowell Girls” • Lived in boardinghouses under strict supervision • After work, attended lectures or visited libraries • Many women gained an education

8. The Revolution Takes Hold • Mass production- the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects • 1790’s Eli Whitney- created interchangeable parts • Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

9. Factory Life • Lowell mills treated their workers kind • Not the case in most factories • Samuel Slater employed children in his mill • As time went on, working conditions for children and adults became harsher

10. Child Labor • Employed children as young as 7 or 8 • American textile mills • Coal mines • Steel foundries • Children had no opportunity for an education • Often worked in unsafe conditions

11. Factory Conditions • Poorly lighted • Little fresh air • Many workers injured by the machine • Received no help when hurt • Workdays lasted 12/14 hours