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Viruses

Viruses. Leonardus , S.Si. Learning Outcomes. Should be able to: 1 Identify the characteristics of the virus 2 Explain how the replication of virus 3 Explain the role of beneficial and harmful viruses 4 Explain the modes of transmission and prevention of diseases due to viruses.

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Viruses

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  1. Viruses Leonardus, S.Si.

  2. Learning Outcomes Should be able to: 1 Identify the characteristics of the virus 2 Explain how the replication of virus 3 Explain the role of beneficial and harmful viruses 4 Explain the modes of transmission and prevention of diseases due to viruses

  3. Introduction

  4. Introduction A. Mayer (1883) Sprayed Become disesased tobacco plant Healthy tobacco Disesased tobacco plant Grinded leaves Diseasead leaf extract

  5. Become disesased tobacco plant Diseasead tobacco leaf filtrate Diseasead tobacco leaf extract Is filtered Disesased tobacco leaves are grinded Sprayed Filtrat Healthy tobacco Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892) Introduction

  6. Introduction • Adolf Mayer, Germany (1883)   research about the mosaic disease of tobacco, cause dwarfism, spotted leaves conclusion: disease was caused by a very small bacterium (can’t be seen even with microscope) • Dmitry Iwanowsky, Russian (1892)  suspected the mosaic disease was caused by another organism smaller than bacterium (still in doubt) conclusion: error with the filtration, bacterium was cause of the disease

  7. Introduction • Martinus W. Beijerinck, Holland, 6 years later  filtering is done by Iwanowsky is right, the conclusion: the causative agent of viral diseases escape filter (filterable virus)  VIRUS light microscope can not be observed • The development of the science of viruses (virology)  virus is a life form non cellular / can not breed without infecting organism another surviving • Ivanovsky and Beijerinck = discoverer of the virus

  8. Introduction Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

  9. Characteristic: Size • Size: 25-300 nm (1nm = 10-9m) • Smallest viruses: poliovirus • Greatest Virus: Pox Virus • Viewed: electron microscope (1930)

  10. Characteristic: Size

  11. Characteristic: Size

  12. Characteristic: Shape • Sphere: influenza virus & Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Oval: Rabies virus • Rod: Tobacco Mosaic Virus • Polyhedral: Adenovirus • T-shaped: Bacteriophage

  13. Characteristic: Shape

  14. Characteristic: Shape

  15. Characteristic: Shape

  16. Characteristic: Shape

  17. Characteristic: Shape

  18. Characteristic: Size & Shape

  19. Characteristic: structure & function • Non-cellular/acellular • Virion crystallized (harmful) • Obligat intracellular parasite • Nucleic acid (genetic material): DNA or RNA (ss/ds & circular/linear) • Capsid(protein envelope): protein coat covering the genetic material, composed of a large number of protein subunits  capsomeres • The capsid/capsomeres giving the virus its shape  helical of capsomer-rod/polyhedral/complex • Nucleic acid and capsid form a structure called Nucleocapsid

  20. Characteristic: structure & function • DNA and RNA structure

  21. Characteristic: structure & function • DNA and RNA structure

  22. Characteristic: structure & function

  23. Characteristic: structure & function

  24. Characteristic: structure & function 1. Virus with envelope  composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates  lipoprotein, glycolipid, glycoproteins (helps virus to infect the cells) form spike e.g. influenza virus, herpesvirus 2. Naked virus, without envelope, e.g. TMV, adenovirus

  25. Characteristic: structure & function Virus with envelope:influenza virus BioFlix: Influenza virus mechanism

  26. Reproduction • Reproduction = Replication • Only occur inside a living cell (host cell) • Bacteriophage reproduces through 2 cycles: lytic and lysogenic

  27. Reproduction 5 S T E P S

  28. Reproduction: Bacteriophage

  29. Reproduction: Bacteriophage

  30. Reproduction: Animal Virus

  31. Habitat • Viruses show characteristics of life if it is on another organism cell (host cell) • Virus host cell in the form of bacterial, eukaryotic microorganisms (protozoa and fungi), plant cells, and animal cells/human cells • Viruses that attack plant cells can enter the cell through an intermediary other plants by insects • Viruses that attack animal cells or human cells can enter the cells of animals or other human cells through the food, beverage (water), blood, wounds, bites, air

  32. Classification • ICTV ≠ Linnaeus • 4 taxon level = Order, Famili, Genus, Spesies • Order  -virales • Famili  -viridae • Genus  -virus • Spesies  English end with -virus • Example of the classification based on ICTV: • Order :Mononegavirales • Famili : Filoviridae • Genus : Filovirus • Spesies : Ebola virus Zaire

  33. Classification • Based on the genetic material: • DNA virus • RNA virus • Based on the infected host cell: • Bacteria virus (E. coli): Bacteriophage-DNA-T4 • Eukaryotic microbe virus (protozoo & fungi): RNA-Mycovirus • Plant virus mostly RNA-Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) • Animal virus: DNA or RNA-Influenza virus

  34. Role: harmful • Plant viruses: • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)  mosaic disease, tobacco, dwarfism, stunted growth, leaf spots, can attack other plants, eg tomatoes • Tungrovirus  rice, dwarfism, leafhoppers, (VUTW) • Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV)  orange, orange mites

  35. Role: harmful • Animal viruses: • Newcastle Disease Virus (NCDV): tetelo, chicken, diarrhea, coughing, death • Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): cattle, blistering & slime around foot & mouth • Avian Influenza Virus: avian, respiratory system, influenza virus A (H5N1), spread to other animal • Rabies virus  rabies, dog, monkey, cat, human, central nervous system, hydrophobia, anxiety, agressiveness, loss of muscular control, lead to death

  36. Influenza virus Role: harmful • Virus : Influenza Virus • Disease : influenza/flu • Infect : upper part of respiratory system • Symptoms : sneezing, fatigue • Types : • A: human, pig, birds • B: human, seal, ferret • C: human, dog, pig • Transmission: air-borne

  37. Human immunodeficiency virus Role: harmful • Virus : HIV • Disease : AIDS • Infect : T cell, immune system • Symptoms : disease complication • Transmission: sexual intercourse (oral nor anal), blood transfusion, syringe sharing

  38. Virus : Hepatitis virus Disease : Hepatitis B Infect : liver cell Symptoms : fatigue, flu-like symptoms, dark urine, pale-colored stool, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, yellow skin and eyes Transmission: Water-borne, food & beverage (contaminated), unwashed fruit, uncooked/raw vegetables, ice cube Drugs addicted, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, having many sexual partners, bloody as cut, nosebleed, menstruation, personal equipment (contact by patients: toothbrushes, razors or manicure tools) Hepatitis virus Role: harmful

  39. Ebola virus Role: harmful • Virus : Ebolavirus • Disease : Ebola • Infect : Immune system • Symptoms : vomiting, diarrheic, malaise, headache, muscle aches, abdominal pain, bleeding internal organs, fever, rash, inflammation of the liver, kidney damage, and decreased platelet count • Transmission: direct contact with body fluids or skin

  40. Measles virus Role: harmful • Virus : Measles virus • Disease : measles • Infect : skin cell • Symptoms : fever, cough, blistering skin • Transmission : air-borne, skin to skin contact

  41. Polio virus Role: harmful • Virus : Polio virus • Disease : polio • Infect : central nervous system • Symptoms : paralyze limbs • Transmission: air-borne, contaminated foods and beverages

  42. Mumps virus Role: harmful • Virus : Mumps virus • Disease : mumps (gondong) • Infect : parotic gland (saliva gland) • Symptoms : swollen behind the ears • Transmission: air-borne, saliva, contaminated foods and beverages.

  43. Herpes simplex virus Role: harmful • Virus : Herpes simplex virus • Disease : herpes • Infect : mucosa epithelial cells (skin, mouth, genital) • Symptoms : blisters • Transmission: air-borne, skin and skin contact

  44. Human papillomavirus Role: harmful • Virus : Human papilloma virus • Disease : papilloma • Infect : skin cell • Symptoms : warts (skin, genital) can growth to cancer • Transmission: skin contact, utilize tools together, sexual intercourse

  45. Roles: Beneficial • Produce vaccine (substance that contains weakened pathogens or its antigenic part) • Mutagen: agent causing mutation • Vector agent • Reduce pathogenic bacteria

  46. pencegahan • Avoid sharing syringe, avoiding free sex, avoidance of breastfeeding mothers to children • Vaccination: gives passive immunity • OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) • Rabies vaccine • Hepatitis B vaccine • Influenza vaccine • MMR (Measles Mumps Rubella) vaccine

  47. Goodbye virus

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