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U2-L2

U2-L2. March 11, 2008. QUIZ FRIDAY – Architecture Styles QUIZ WEDNESDAY – Construction Methods. U2-L2. STYLES / VOCAB QUIZ FRIDAY. Be able to identify all styles and at least 3 characteristics. Also, be able to match vocabulary with definition or picture. U2-L2. PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION.

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U2-L2

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  1. U2-L2 March 11, 2008 QUIZ FRIDAY – Architecture StylesQUIZ WEDNESDAY – Construction Methods

  2. U2-L2 STYLES / VOCAB QUIZ FRIDAY Be able to identify all styles and at least 3 characteristics. Also, be able to match vocabulary with definition or picture.

  3. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Principle – a rule or code of conduct BACKGROUND • Humans were nomadic • Natural caves or portable tents made of animal skins • Settled down in fixed locations near fertile areas • Bearing Walls – solid walls that provide support for each other and for the roof • Post-and-Lintel – a horizontal beam (lintel) across at least two vertical posts

  4. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Post-and-Lintel • Problem • In the West, stone was material used most often. • Stone is heavy, so space between posts was limited.

  5. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND • Romans – used stone • Arch – smaller, lighter blocks of stone supported by leaning on the keystone in the center • Vault – a series of arches that forms a continuous arched covering • Barrel Vault • Cross Vault • Dome – many arches arranged so their based form a circle and their tops meet in the center

  6. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND

  7. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND • Gothic Arch – pointed at top • Bearing structure • Buttress (pilaster) – added support at the base • Flying buttress – supports side of wall without added weight

  8. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Principle – a rule or code of conduct • Buildings are divided into 3 types: • Bearing-Wall Structures • Solid walls that support the weight of the walls, floors, and roof • Post-and-Beam • Skeleton-Frame Structures • Open, self-supporting framework covered by an outer, nonbearing surface

  9. U2-L2 Structural Forces Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion: • Inertia: objects at rest stay at rest; objects in motion stay in motion • F = ma • Action/Reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

  10. U2-L2 Structural Forces • Another way to look at it: • How much do you weigh? • You are pushing down on the earth that amount of force. • The earth is pushing up on you with an equal amount. • What would happen if the earth were pushing up with more force? • Less force?

  11. U2-L2 Structural Forces • Structural stability is based on the strength and placement of structural members. • Four types of force exert stress on building materials: • Compression – push; tends to flatten/buckle • Tension – pull; tends to stretch • Shear – slide; material fractures • Torsion – twist; twist out of shape or fracture

  12. U2-L2 Structural Forces Tension

  13. U2-L2 Structural Forces Compression

  14. U2-L2 Structural Forces Torsion

  15. U2-L2 Structural Forces Shear

  16. U2-L2 Structural Forces Compression Tension

  17. U2-L3 Structural Forces Loads: • Live Loads: the weight of all moveable objects, such as people and furniture; includes weight of snow, ice, and force of wind • Dead Loads: the weight of building materials and permanently installed components. • Lumber, brick, glass, nails The total weight or mass of all live and dead loads is the Building Load.

  18. U2-L3 Structural Forces A building supports the following loads in the middle of winter: • 10,000 lbs of lumber • 1000 lbs. of snow and ice • 40,000 lbs of brick • 300 lbs of wind • 600 lbs of glass • 200 lbs of nails • Calculate the Live Load. • Calculate the Dead Load. • Calculate the Building Load.

  19. U2-L3 Structural Forces Lateral (horizontal) loads: • Wind • Earth (next to the foundation) • Earthquakes

  20. U2-L3 Structural Forces Methods of counteracting lateral loads: 1. Roof

  21. U2-L3 Structural Forces Methods of counteracting lateral loads: 2. Diagonal ties add Rigidity

  22. U2-L3 Structural Forces Methods of counteracting lateral loads: 3. Added Reinforcement

  23. U2-L3 Structural Forces Methods of counteracting lateral loads:

  24. U2-L3 Structural Forces Roof Loads • High-pitch roofs contribute to high wind loads

  25. U2-L3 Strength of Materials • Strength of a construction material is the capacity to support loads by resisting the 4 structural forces. • Strength depends on material • Type • Size • Shape

  26. U2-L3 Strength of Materials • Strength depends on material • Shape

  27. U2-L3 Strength of Materials • Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. • Vertical • Horizontal

  28. U2-L3 Strength of Materials • Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. • No deflection

  29. U2-L3 Strength of Materials • Cantilever – when only one end of a horizontal member is supported • Center-supported – center supports equal dead loads on all sides • Eccentric (off center) – cantilevered on only one side • Causes TORSION

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