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Lab 4. Bones and Axial Skeleton James F. Thompson, Ph.D. Lab 4 Activities. bone and hyaline cartilage slide and osteon model compact/dense bone vs. spongy/cancellous bone general anatomy of a long bone bone classification and bone markings
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Lab 4 Bones and Axial Skeleton James F. Thompson, Ph.D.
Lab 4 Activities bone and hyaline cartilage slide and osteon model compact/dense bone vs. spongy/cancellous bone general anatomy of a long bone bone classification and bone markings identify sample bones by general shape the axial skeleton - identify bones and bone markings listed in lab guide
Functions of Bones • Support - framework for body • Protection • protect many internal organs • cranial bones surround the brain; vertebrae surround the spinal cord; pelvic girdle surrounds the reproductive organs • Movement - muscle attachments to bones • Mineral homeostasis - Ca++, PO-4 stored • Site of blood cell production - hematopoiesis in red bone marrow
Macroscopic Bone Structure • Diaphysis • shaft of a long bone • contains medullary or marrow cavity; • infants have red (hematopoietic) bone marrow • red marrow gradually replaced by yellow (fatty) bone marrow throughout life • Epiphysis (epiphyses) • ends of a long bone • epiphyseal plate - growth plate • nutrient foramen - site of blood vessel entry into bone • articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis
Types of Cells in Bone • Osteoblasts - bone forming cells • Osteocytes - mature bone cells • Osteoclasts- bone remodeling cells
Types of Bone • Compact • appears very dense • Spongy • small struts of bone = trabeculae are generally oriented with the directions of stress
Compact Bone - Osteons • Perforating (Volkman’s) canals • Central (Haversian) canals • Osteon • central canal with lamellae • lacunae • osteocytes, & canaliculi
The Vertebral Column Note the Double Curvature of the Spine. It is an Adaptation for Upright Posture.
Posterolateral View of Articulated Vertebrae Much of the Rotation of the Head Occurs at the Joint Between the Atlas (C1) and Dens of the Axis (C2).
Key Differences Among Vertebral Types: Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae For Blood Vessels Size Of Body Facets for Rib to Attach. No Facets for Rib to Attach