Poetry: What to know What to include in analysis

1. Poetry: What to knowWhat to include in analysis You will be tested on the following information

2. Speaker: Who did the author choose to tell the story? Intended Audience This is part of why the author wrote the poem, an intended message for an intended audience Repetition: What image or command is the speaker focusing on? Why this image? Why this command? Alliteration: Poetry is art for your ears as well as your mind: What texture does the repeated consonant sound bring up: rough, soft, whispery, harsh? Structure: What is the speaker building? Does he give you the big picture first or last? Does he want you to see the details and intricacies or an overview? Or both? TYPE OF POETRY Lyric poetry-At Last it’s Come p 357: expression of personal thoughts and feelings brief and songlike Ode- Better to Live Licinus p 353 lyric poem with elevated style and enthusiastic tone Narrative poetry Epic poetry List of terms: Examples to follow

3. Rhyme: part of the structure of the poem, sound repetition can consist of: End rhyme: rhyme in final syllable of verse Internal rhyme Slant rhyme/Half rhyme: imperfect match: green/fiend consonance on the final syllable/ end of word ill/shell there/hair Allegory Inferno p 812 extended metaphor events, actions, objects, and persons in a narrative represent moral qualities, universal struggles or abstract ideas: love, fear, virtue Theme: central focus of the poem. Theme is a statement about man, life, love, death, religion… Imagery: Use of images in the poem to illicit a reaction from the reader in the form of a visual picture, audible sound, smell, texture to touch or taste Figurative language: use of language to connote an image that is not literal: simile, metaphor, personification Symbolthe use of one object to represent another object, concept, idea Terms Continued

4. Night of Sine Leopold Sedar Senghor • What literary devices does Senghor use? What is his purpose? Who is his audience? Who is his speaker? Be thorough in your explanation: this means write several sentences explaining your point of view • Listen to its song, listen to our dark blood beat, listen/ To the deep pulse of Africa beating in the mist of forgotten villages • See the tired moon comes down to her bed on the slack sea/

5. Explain the structure • “Love Does Not Know Secrets” Love knows no secrets/ when it is hidden it will be discovered • “Tears of Love”My beloved/has deserted me/ she has deserted me,/my darling, comrades!

6. Explain the image and affect on reader • What literary devices are employed by the speaker? from the Prison Diary “Autumn Night” Ho Chi Minh • Using my tears for ink, I turn my thoughts into verses • My dream intertwines with sadness like a skein of a thousand threads

7. Allegory • Inferno: What/ who does Dante represent? What does each level of Hell represent? Hint: • “Midway on our life’s journey, I found myself / In dark woods, the right road lost” (I.1–2). • “it is his fate to enter every door.” • On a literal level, The Divine Comedy portrays Dante’s adventures in the fantastic realms of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, but these adventures allegorically represent a broader subject: the trials of the human soul to achieve morality and find unity with God. Dante links his own personal experience to that of all humanity. The dark woods symbolize sinful life on Earth, and the “right road” refers to the virtuous life that leads to God. • What occurs at the second layer of hell? • “a great whirlwind, which spins within it the souls of the Carnal, whose sin was to abandon themselves to the tempest of their passions” • Caught up in the whirlwind of life dammed to be kept in a whirlwind for eternity, never finding happiness they sought on earth

8. Inferno Facts 9th layer • This Circle includes the second class of frauds, those who are traitors by means of complex or treacherous fraud or malice. The landscape here is the frozen Pool of Cocytus, and is "more like a sheet of glass than frozen water". The slightest breeze leeches all the warmth from one, and nothing will help one to shelter from the cold. The wind whips up to sweep those unworthy back to where they belong in Hell, leaving the worthy behind. • This Circle is divided into four Regions, based on different kinds of treachery, and are listed in the order in which one would encounter them when going down into the very depths of Hell. • CAINA - TRAITORS TO KINDRED • The outermost region of the icy lake of Cocytus is the first division of the circle, and is named Caina, after Cain, whom performed the first sin of treachery by killing his brother Abel. Here, the traitors to kin are punished. Their punishment consists of being frozen in the ice with only their faces above the ice to express their pain. Sinners held here include Mordred, the nephew of King Arthur who also attempted to kill him. • ANTENORA - TRAITORS TO THEIR COUNTRY • This region is named Antenora after the Trojan warrior who betrayed his city to the Greeks. As symbolised by the region's name, this area contains those who were traitors to their country, city, or political party. Only the heads of the those imprisoned here project above the ice. • PTOLOMEA - TRAITORS TO THEIR GUESTS OR HOST • Ptolemea is where those who are traitors to guests, hosts or associates are found. The region was named after the captain of Jericho, Ptolemy, who had Simon, his father-in-law and two of his sons killed while they dined. Here, the punishment is more severe due to the fact that the sinners, while being frozen flat on their backs in the ice, also have their heads facing up with their eyes frozen with their tears. Shades will tell travellers about the region if they break off the veils of ice over their eyes. • The sinners in this region actually have bodies that remain in the living world and continue to live. However, they are possessed by demons. As soon as one commits a sin against a guest, their shade is sent to this region. An example of such a sinner is Ser Branca D'Origa, who murdered his father-in-law after serving him dinner.

9. Inferno Facts layer 9 cont. • JUDECCA - TRAITORS TO THEIR BENEFACTORS • In this region those who betrayed their Lords and Masters or their benefactors are punished by being entirely frozen in the ice, with no part of themselves exposed. • As one moves across this region of the Circle, across the ice a faint object becomes visible. It is the King of Dis, Lucifer. The Dark Angel is as foul as he once was fair. He too is frozen in the ice in the centre of Judecca, but with half his chest above the ice; even the part projecting above the ice is more than a mile tall. He has bat-like wings. • Lucifer has three faces from which he weeps tears mixed with bloody slaver, a mockery of the Trinity. The forward-facing face is red, mocking Primal Love with hatred; one is yellow, parodying Diving Omnipotence with impotence; and one is black, perverting Highest Wisdom with ignorance. Each of the faces has a mouth that is stuffed with one of the worst traitors of the world, those who are treacherous against their benefactors. The first is Judas Iscariot, who was a traitor to Christ for thirty pieces of silver. He endures the worst punishment by being chewed on by the red face and being clawed by his bat-like wings. The second is Marcus Brutus, traitor to Caesar. The black face is chewing him. The third sinner is Caius Cassius Longinus, who was another member of the conspiracy against Caesar. • THE EXIT FROM HELL • To exit Hell, one must climb down the body of Lucifer, which is covered in shaggy hair; the ice stops a yard or so from Lucifer himself. If one climbs down for long enough, one eventually feels as if one is climbing up again. This marks that one is crossing the centre of the earth, or "the point to which all weight from every part is drawn". One then makes their way up to a type of hollow tomb, a echoing grotto of dimly lit grey rock, from the floor of which the hooves of Lucifer project upwards, upside-down from this perspective. A stream of clear, sweet water runs through this grotto. • This place serves as the exit of Hell and entrance to Purgatory. Its roof goes up thousands of miles, tapering gradually until the opening into Purgatory is reached. This distance must be climbed, and when it is the travellers finally make their way to the surface, where they come "out to see once more the stars" on the shore at the base of Mount Purgatory... • Jones, Tony Hell: The Wailling and Gnashing of Teeth 21, January 2008. 2005. < http://www.wolfram.demon.co.uk/rp_dante_hell.html#circ_II >

10. Images: Which sense is called to action, affect on the reader • “I did not die, and yet I lost life’s breath; /imagine for yourself what I became,/deprived at once of both my life and death/” (Dante 818 ln 25-27)). • If he was once as beautiful as now/ he is hideous and still turned on his Maker,/ well may he be the source of every woe! (Dante 818 ln 34-36)

11. Loreli: Rhyme and Imagery • “The boatman hears, with an anguish More wild than was ever known; He’s blind to the rocks around him His eyes are for her alone” • “-At last the waves devouredThe boat, and the boatman’s cry;And this she did with her singing,The golden Lorelei”

12. Rubiyat: • Look to the Rose that blows about us-”Lo,Laughing” she says, “into the World I blow: At once the silken Tassel of my PurseTear, and its Treasure on the Garden throw.” • With them the Seed of Wisdom did I sow,And with my own hand labor’d it to grow: And this was all the Harvest that I reap’d-“I came like Water, and like Wind I go”

13. Speaker • “ “ • The speaker is _____________ • Proof • The reader sees/realizes/understands/connects/ • Sympathizes/