FACULTY OF EDUCATION EDU5810 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING DR. RAMLI BIN BASRI

1. L2 FACULTY OF EDUCATION EDU5810 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING DR. RAMLI BIN BASRI ROOM G28, TEL: office 03-8946 8248, H/P 019 224 1332 (smsprefered) E-MEL: ramlibasri@upm.edu.my

2. EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING DEFINITIONS Policy- “ a plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, political party, business, etc.” Policy – “... a policy establishes general parameters for the decision maker rather than specifically stating what should or should not be done. Policy typically contains an ambiguous term that leaves interpretation up to the decision maker.” Robbins, SP., and Coulter, M., Management, Pearson 2009, p. 144. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1999, p.893 EDU5810 RB/33 1

3. Policy making- “From the government’s perspective, policy making is simply considered to be ‘the process by which governments translate their political vision into programmes and actions to deliver “outcomes” – desired changes in the real world.’ ‘Modernising Government’ White Paper, 1999. Cited in Bates et al. Education Policy, Practice and the Professional, Continuum, 2011, p.39. EDU5810 RB/33 2

4. “Educational policy refers to the raft of laws and initiatives that determine the shape and functioning of educational systems at both a national and a local level.” Bates et al, (Ibid, p.39). EDU5810 RB/33 3

5. DEFINITIONS Plan – “an idea or a method that has been thought about in detail in advance; an intention.” Planning- “ A management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.” Robbins et all,Ibid, p. 576 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1999, p. 881 4 EDU5810 RB/33

6. EDUCATION • A well grounded discipline • A very comprehensive and complex subject • “..does not happen in a vacuum : it is intimately linked to economic, social and political events.” • Bates et al, Ibid, p.4. • “Education is one generation’s contribution to those that follow. It is a costly enterprise and should be treated as an investment, not simply a payout.” • Kaufman et al, Educational Planning, P.3 EDU5810 RB/33 5

7. EDUCATION “…the level of education and skills of nations, companies and individuals is considered a crucial parameter of competition in the present globalised market and knowledge society.” IIIeris, K., Edited, Contemporary Theories of Learning, 2011. p.1 EDU5810 RB/33 6

8. National/ Government Aspiration School/College/University/ Institution Teaching & Learning Finance & Budget Adult /Extension Education Educ. Policy Scope/ Environment Good Governance Teacher/ Lecturer Professionalism Leadership Development Management Development Higher Education Technology & ICT Curriculum EDU5810 RB/33 7

9. Change Innovate Policy Formulation Reform Status quo EDU5810 RB/33 8

10. What is Change? • Change happens when something evolves whether physically or characteristically into a new form. • We say water has changed when its colorless nature becomes yellowish. Water has also changed when its pleasant taste becomes sour. • Likewise, change happens when a student improves her/his academic performance. MohdMajidKonting, UPM, 2011. EDU5810 RB/33 9

11. What is Reformation? • A planned change is called a reformation. • The aim is to improve a situation or condition with purposeful intervention. • It involves five major domains; namely human, location, economic, activity, and movement. • Since its aim is to improve the overall situation, mostly involving all five domains of change, reformation has always been associated with radical, holistic change. MohdMajidKonting, UPM, 2011. EDU5810 RB/33 10

12. Cabinet Parliament/Politicians Public Officials Cabinet Committees Major Players in Policy Making Process Non-Governmental Organizations Influential Academics Professional Organizations Parents & Children Practitioners Adapted: Bates et al, Ibid, p.34. EDU5810 RB/33 11

13. Summary • Educational policy & planning is a continuous process • Population is increasing in number • Public expectation • Simplifying complex systems • Scarcity of resources • Demand for good governance and best practices EDU5810 RB/33 12

14. L2b FACULTY OF EDUCATION EDU5810 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING DR. RAMLI BIN BASRI ROOM G28, TEL: office 03-8946 8248, H/P 019 224 1332 (smsprefered) E-MEL: ramlibasri@putra.upm.edu.my EDU5810 RB/33

15. MALAYSIAN EDUCATION POLICY AND LAW by: Dr. Ramli Bin Basri ramlibasri@upm.edu.my Tel: 019 224 1332 EDU5810 RB/33

16. CONTENTS • Introduction to Public Policy • Policy Process • National Education Policy (NEP): Basic Policy and the National Education System • The Education Act 1996 EDU5810 RB/33

17. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC POLICY EDU5810 RB/33

18. ISSUES AND POLICY • Policies enacted following an issue or challenge in environment policy • The scope of public policy is the community and the environment within the territory and sovereignty of a nation • An issue or challenge exists when there is a problem or situation or challenge in the community / clients within the policy environment. EDU5810 RB/33

19. ISSUES • Issues are problems, complaints, criticisms, opposition, or challenges that involves a large number of members of a community or nation. • Resolution of issues is beyond their means • Issues that receives the attention of MPs, ministers and PM will be the agenda of policy actions. EDU5810 RB/33

20. ISSUES AND POLICY Issue will be assessed whether it can be addressed by: • using the existing policy (if any), • improvement of existing policies or • formulate new policies or • The issue is a problem that does not require action as it will go away. EDU5810 RB/33

21. POLICY • Policies designed to address the issue • Each policy has established goals, objectives and strategies • To be successful, policies must be consistent with other policies and • Policies should not conflict with other policies EDU5810 RB/33

22. DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY • Government's choice whether to do something or not do something • Government's choice to clarify, explain, defend, lead or outline an action either express or intended • Something that is formulated to express or describe the intent, purpose and goals of the government • …. EDU5810 RB/33

23. …DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY • Value of the regulatory requirement imposed by the authority on society and environment / territory / colony • Program for the values, practices and objectives that have been projected EDU5810 RB/33

24. FORMATION OF PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA POLICY DECISION MAKER •  Rulers •  Parliament •  Cabinet POLICY FOMULATOR • Professional and Administrator • … EDU5810 RB/33

25. …FORMATION OF PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA POLICY IMPLEMENTOR • Professional and Administrator POLICY TARGET • People and the environment (Stakeholder Group and at risk Group ) EDU5810 RB/33

26. POLICY CATEGORIES • Constitution, Acts, Rules & Regulations • Policy • Plans • Program • Project • Scheme EDU5810 RB/33

27. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION in the form of: • Program • Project • Plan • Activities • Scheme • Strategy • Intervention EDU5810 RB/33

28. POLICY COMMUNICATION • Circular •  Handout (books, pamphlets.) •  Mechanism •  Guidelines EDU5810 RB/33

29. 2. POLICY PROCESS EDU5810 RB/33

30. POLICY PROCESS • Identify problems, challenges • Structuring problems, challenges to the issue, the policy objectives • Submit policy alternatives for the approval • Policy Statement • Policy action plan: Programs, Activities, Implementation Mechanism • Policy Outcome • Policy Evaluation: Continue @ Stop @ Improvements • Intervention Policy EDU5810 RB/33

31. POLICY FORMATION Policy proposal should take into account • Political Expediency / Support • Financial Capability • Professional Capacity • Administrative Operability Taking into account the importance of • Policy Actors / Advocators • Policy Stakeholders • Policy Risk Groups EDU5810 RB/33

32. FORMATION OF EDUCATION POLICY Stages of Policy Proposal • Department / Division Meetings • MOE Meeting on Profesional Matters (education) • MOE Management Meeting • Education Planning Committee Meeting • Cabinet Meeting • Bill • Rulers Council EDU5810 RB/33

33. GROUP PROJECT • What are the current policy issue now? • You could start thinking about a policy proposal on such issue. EDU5810 RB/33

34. Non Graduate Teachers BASIC ISSUES • Dignity • Low income • Expenditure, rental • Part-time job • Quality of teaching • Professionalism level EDU5810 RB/33

35. Non Graduate Teachers Policy – Improve teachers prestige • Graduate teachers • Teachers' Housing • Quality of teaching and Professionalism: SISC+ EDU5810 RB/33

36. Tambahan • Please read the compulsory primary schooling at primary level. EDU5810 RB/33

37. Thank You… EDU5810 RB/33