Life At The Turn Of The 20 th Century

1. Life At The Turn Of The 20th Century Honors US History

2. Section 1: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Describe the impact of technological advances on turn of the century urban planning. • 2. Summarize turn of the century communication innovations.

3. Section 1: Science and Urban Life Main Idea: Advances in science and technology helped solve urban problems, including overcrowding. Why it Matters Now: American cities continue to depend on the results of scientific and technological research. Key Names: Louis Sullivan Daniel Burnham Frederick Law Olmsted Key Names: (cont) Orville and Wilbur Wright George Eastman

4. 20 This is how I feel about three day weekends: • Great! More time to watch history channel! • Good! I can read my History book in bed! 3. Not so good. I miss History class! 4. Horrible! I was going through History class withdrawal.

5. Science and Urban Life: • By the turn of the 20th century, four out of ten Americans lived in cities • By 1900, NYC had 3.5 million people living there • In response to urbanization, technological advances began to meet communication, transportation, and space demands

6. Skyscrapers: • Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions: elevators & steel skeletons that bear weight • Famous examples include; Daniel Burnham’s Flatiron Building in NYC, Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis • The skyscraper was America’s greatest contribution to architecture and solved the issue of how to best use limited and expensive space • Symbolic of prosperity and opportunity

7. 20 Why were skyscrapers important for city growth? • They were a great use of space • They were inexpensive • The people liked the look of them • All of the above

8. Electric Transit: • Changes in transportation allowed cities to spread outward • By the turn of the century, intricate networks of electric streetcars – also called trolley cars –ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices & stores

9. El’s and Subways: • A few large cities moved their streetcars far above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains • Other cities built subways by moving their rail lines underground • By 1890, the city of Chicago expanded from 17 square miles to 178.

10. Bridges and Parks: • Steel-cable suspension bridges, like the Brooklyn Bridge, also brought cities’ sections closer (Idea created by John Roebling) • Some urban planners sought to include landscaped areas & parks • Frederick Law Olmsted was instrumental in drawing up plans for Central park, NYC. (Also…Boston, DC, and St. Louis)

11. More About: Central Park • The park officially opened in 1876 and is made up of 840 acres of land (in the middle of NYC!!!) • It was designed to be a haven in the center of a busy city. • Featured: Bike paths, tennis courts, zoo, and boating • Millions of people every year now use the park as a place to get away from it all.

12. :20 Why is Central Park important to the residents of New York City? • It offers them a place to “get away from it all” • It conserves the land in the center of the city • It is much different than the area that surrounds it • All of the above are true

13. City Planning: Chicago • Daniel Burnham oversaw the transformation of Chicago’s lakefront from swampy wasteland to elegant parks strung along Lake Michigan • Today Chicago’s lakefront is one of the most beautiful shorelines in North America (good planning)

14. New Technologies: • New developments in communication brought the nation closer • Advances in printing, aviation, and photography helped speed the transfer of information

15. A Revolution in Printing: • By 1890, the literacy rate in the U.S. was nearly 90% • American mills began to produce huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp • Electrical web-perfecting presses (William Bullock) printed on both sides of paper at the same time • Faster production and lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable (most papers sold for 1 cent and magazines were a nickel)

16. Photography Explosion: • Before 1880, photography was a professional activity • Subjects could not move and the film had to be developed immediately • George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment and more versatile film • In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera • The $25 camera came with 100-picture roll of film • You returned the camera to Eastman’s factory and they printed the pics for you! • Millions of Americans became amateur photographers! 1888 Kodak Camera

17. Airplanes: • In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and aircrafts • They commissioned a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane • On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet • Within two years the brothers were making 30 minute flights • By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights regularly

18. Did We Meet Our Objectives? • Can You: • 1. Describe the impact of technological advances on turn of the century urban planning. • 2. Summarize turn of the century communication innovations.

19. Section 2: Objectives: • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Analyze the expansion of public education at the turn of the 20th century. • 2. Describe the growth of higher education.

20. Section 2: Expanding Public Education: Main Idea: Reforms in public education led to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education. Why it Matters Now: The public education system is the foundation of the democratic ideals of American society. Key Terms: Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Niagara Movement Key Names: Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Dubois

21. Expanding Public Education: • Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks of annual education for students ages 8-14, but the curriculum was poor and the teachers were usually not qualified • However, the number of kindergartens expanded from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900

22. High School Enrollment Soars: • High schools expanded their curriculum to include science, civics and social studies • By 1900, 500,000 teen-agers were enrolled in high schools • They had both vocational schools and traditional high schools.

23. Education For Immigrants: • Unlike African Americans, immigrants were encouraged to go to school • Most immigrants sent their children to public schools • Also, thousands of adult immigrants attended night schools to learn English

24. Expanding Higher Education: • In 1900, less than 3% of America’s youth attended college • Between 1880 and 1920 college enrollments more than quadrupled • Professional schools were established for law and medicine

25. Today’s Objectives: • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Describe several of the key players in the educational reform movement. • 2. Identify how W.E.B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington pushed for increased schooling for African Americans.

26. Racial Discrimination: • African Americans were mostly excluded from secondary education • In 1890 less than 1% attended high school • By 1910 that figured had reached only 3%

27. African American Universities Formed: • After the Civil War, thousands of African Americans pursued higher education despite being excluded from white institutions • Blacks founded Howard, Fisk, and Tuskegee Universities (founded by Booker T. Washington) • W.E.B. Dubois founded the Niagara Movement, which sought liberal arts educations for all blacks Booker T. Washington

29. Did We Meet Our Objectives? • Can You: • 1. Analyze the expansion of public education at the turn of the 20th century. • 2. Describe the growth of higher education.

30. Section 3 Objectives: • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Trace the historical underpinnings of legalized segregation and the African American struggle against racism in the United States. • 2. Summarize the turn of the 20th Century race relations in the North and the South. • 3. Identify discrimination against minorities in the American West.

31. Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination: Main Idea: African Americans led the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws. Why it Matters Now: Today, African Americans have the legacy of a century long battle to civil rights. Key Terms: Poll Tax Grandfather Clause Segregation Jim Crow Laws Debt Peonage Key Terms / Cases: Plessy vs. Ferguson Lynching

32. Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination: • By the turn of the 20th century, Southern States had adopted a broad system of legal discrimination • Blacks had to deal with voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence

33. What is Discrimination? • Discrimination involves: • Beliefs : "This group of people is inferior because" • Emotions : "I hate this group of people." • Actions : "I will deny opportunity/hurt/kill members of this group."

34. Voting Restrictions: • All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African Americans • Some states limited the vote to those who could read, other states had a poll tax which had to be paid prior to voting

35. More Voting Restrictions: • Since there were some white men that couldn’t pass the simple “watered down” literacy test, a Grandfather Clause was created. • Grandfather Clause – Men were allowed to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867. • This date is important because before that time, freed slaves did not have the right to vote yet. • This clause helped only the illiterate white male.

36. Jim Crow Laws: • Southern states passed Segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities • These laws came to be known as “Jim Crow Laws”, named after an old minstrel song • Racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South

37. Plessy vs. Ferguson: • Eventually a legal case reached the U.S. Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of segregation • In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of races was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment • “Separate but equal” • This decision permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years.

39. Race Relations: • Blacks faced legal discrimination as well as informal rules and customs • Meant to humiliate these “rules” included; • 1. Whites never shaking the hand of an African American • 2. Blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites • 3. Blacks also had to remove their hats in the presence of whites

40. Violence: • African Americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face severe punishment or death • Between 1882-1892, more than 1,400 black men and women were shot, burned, or lynched • Lynching (illegal executions) peaked in the 1880s and 90s but continued well into the 20th century • VIDEO

41. Discrimination in the North: • While most African Americans lived in the segregated South, many blacks had migrated to the North in hopes of better jobs & equality • However, the North had its own brand of racism as blacks got low paying jobs and lived in segregated neighborhoods

42. Discrimination in the West: • Discrimination in the west was most often directed against Mexican and Asian immigrants • Mexicans were often forced in Debt Peonage – a system of forced labor due to debt • Asians were increasingly excluded from mainstream society

43. Did We Meet Our Objectives? • Can You: • 1. Trace the historical underpinnings of legalized segregation and the African American struggle against racism in the United States. • 2. Summarize the turn of the 20th Century race relations in the North and the South. • 3. Identify discrimination against minorities in the American West.

44. Section 4: Objectives: • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Give examples of turn of the century leisure activities and popular sports. • 2. Analyze the spread of mass culture in the United States at the turn of the 20th Century. • 3. Describe turn of the century innovations in marketing and advertising.

45. Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture: Main Idea: As Americans had more time for leisure activities, a modern mass culture emerged. Why it Matters Now: Today, the United States has a worldwide impact on mass culture. Key Terms: Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Mark Twain Key Names: Ashcan School Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

46. Section 4: Dawn of Mass Culture: • Many middle class Americans fought off city congestion and dull industrial work by enjoying amusement parks, bicycling, tennis and spectator sports • American leisure was developing into a multi-million dollar industry

47. Amusement Parks: • To meet the recreational needs of city dwellers, Chicago, NYC and other cities began setting aside land for parks • Amusement parks were constructed on the outskirts of cities • These parks had picnic grounds and a variety of rides

48. Bicycling and Tennis: • After the introduction of the “safety bike” in 1885, Americans increasingly enjoyed biking • By 1890, 312 companies made over 10,000,000 bikes • Tennis also was very popular in the late 19th century

49. Spectator Sports: • Americans not only participated in new sports, but became avid fans of spectator sports • Baseball and boxing became profitable businesses • Mark Twain called baseball, “the very symbol of the booming 19th century”

50. Mass Circulation Newspapers: • Mass-production printing techniques led to the publication of millions of books, magazines, and newspapers • Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were two leading publishers whose competition led to more and more sensational newspaper reporting (yellow journalism) Hearst Pulitzer