Life at the Turn of the Century

1. Life at the Turn of the Century Sec. 1 – Science & Urban Life Sec. 2 – Education & Culture Sec. 3 – Segregation & Discrimination Sec. 4 – Dawn of Mass Culture

2. Facts About 1900-1910 • 76,000,000 Americans in 46 states   (by the • end of the decade.) • Policeman arrests woman for smoking in • public • $46,000,000+ in the U.S. treasury • 8,000 cars - 10 miles of paved roads • 1900 - Auto deaths 96; lynchings 115 • San Francisco earthquake took 700 lives • and cost over $4,000,000 in damage. • Average worker made $12.98/week for 59 • hours • Life expectancy: 47.3 female, 46.3 male - • 33.0 blacks

3. Cost of Living

4. Different shoe styles are not the norm in 1903.

5. School’s Reading Lists Louisa May Alcott - Little Women (1868) L. Frank Baum - The Wizard of Oz (1900) Charles Chesnutt - The Marrow of Tradition (1901) Charles Dickens - Oliver Twist (1838) Arthur Conan Doye - The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1893) Rudyard Kipling - The Jungle Book (1894) L.M. Montgomery - Anne of Green Gables (1908) Jack London - Call of the Wild (1903) Howard Pyle - The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883) Anna Sewell - Black Beauty (1877) Johanna Spryi - Heidi (1880) Robert Lewis Stevenson - Treasure Island (1883) Jonathan Swift - Gulliver’s Travels (1726) Mark Twain - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) Jules Verne - 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870) Kate Douglas Wiggins - Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903)

6. Warm Up • What type of technology could make Metro-Detroit (including Algonac) a better place to live in?

7. Objectives for Sec. 1: Science & Urban Life • To describe technological advances and urban planning and their affects on turn-of-the-century city life. • To summarize turn-of-the-century advances in communications

8. Technology & City Life • Rural & immigrant people flooded the cities • By 1890 Chicago & Philadelphia had a population of 1 million • By 1901 New York had a population of 3.5 million • Urban areas need space, transportation & communications • Cities needed to expand upward & outward

9. Upward: Skyscrapers • Architects could build taller buildings due to new technology in steel & elevators • Louis Sullivan designed the ten-story Wainwright Building in St. Louis • Daniel Burnham designed the 285 foot tower, Flatiron Building • In 1900s skyscrapers became the greatest contribution to architecture • Skyscrapers solved the problem of how to make the best use of limited & expensive space • The buildings served as a towering symbol of a rich & optimistic society

10. Skyscrapers • Wainwright Building • Flatiron Building

11. Electric Transit • Changes in transportation allowed cities to expand outward • Electricity transformed urban transportation • In 1888, Richmond, Virginia became the first American city to electrify its urban transit by installing streetcars driven by electric motors powered by an overhead wire • Other cities followed & by the turn of the century, streetcars carried the residents of outlying neighborhoods to the downtown area • Cities became a sprawling metropolis

12. Electric Transit cont… • New railroad lines also fed the growth of suburbs • Some cities moved their streetcars above street level called “el” trains • New York built subways by moving their rail lines underground • Urban & Suburban areas grew due to how transportation linked the two areas • Bridges also connected different sections of cities: Brooklyn Bridge

14. The Science of Urban Planning • City planners wanted to restore a measure of serenity to the urban environment • Designed parks & recreational areas • Frederick Law Olmsted spearheaded this movement • Olmsted & Calvert Vaux drew up plans to make “Greenwards” which became known as Central Park • Olmsted went on to develop parks & recreational areas for Washington D.C., St. Louis & Boston • Daniel Burnham designed Chicago’s parks and an entrance to the city called White City

15. 1906 Postcard from White City White City in Chicago White City in Chicago

16. Central Park, New York

17. New Technologies Transform Communications • New developments in communications brought people closer together in time • Advances in aviation, printing & photography helped to speed the transmission of information

18. Airplanes & Mail Delivery • Orville & Wilbur Wright took their 1st successful flight on December 17, 1903 – it lasted 12 seconds & covered 120 feet • No one really paid attention, but by 1905 they had increased their flights to 24 miles • In 1908 the U.S. government took notice • The government established the first transcontinental airmail service in 1920 • At first it took a day and a half for mail to travel between New York & San Francisco

19. A Revolution in Printing • Better public education led to an increase in literacy rate of 90% • Due to the increased interest in reading, publishers turned out ever-increasing numbers of books, magazines, & newspapers to meet the demands • Less expensive paper & better printing presses helped lower the costs of printing • After chemists discovered wood pulp could make paper, paper mills began to produce large quantities of cheap paper

20. A Revolution in Printing cont… • William Bullock invented the web-perfecting press that printed on both sides of a continuous paper roll, then cut, folded & counted the pages • Faster production & lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable – 1 penny per copy • Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the Linotype machine that sped up the process of typesetting • 1st used by a newspaper in 1886 & it streamlined the process of setting type • Illustration became easier in the 1880s when the process of chemical engraving enabled printers to reproduce paintings & photographs cheaply & accurately

22. Photography • George Eastman developed a paper based film as an alternative to the heavy glass plates previously used • Photographer could now send their film to a studio for processing • Advertised his product to the masses not just professionals • Eastman invented his Kodak camera in 1888 • Was small & easy to operate which prompted millions of Americans to become amateur photographers • Also helped create the field of photo-journalism – reporters could now photograph events as they occurred

23. George Eastman Inventions Kodak Point & Shoot • 1st Kodak with a flash

24. Exit Ticket • Please answer the following question and turn in: Which development in science and technology described in this section had the greatest impact on American culture? Use details from your notes to justify and support your opinion.

25. Section 2: Education & Culture Objectives • To trace the expansion of public education at the turn of the century • To summarize the educational opportunities open for immigrants • To describe the expansion of higher education • To show how expanding education enhanced American culture

26. Warm Up • How does an educational system help a nation meet its social needs?

27. Expanding Public Education • Most states had public school systems by the Civil War • Many school-aged children received no formal education at all • The students who went to school left within four years, and few went to high school • Education reformers wanted to change this: worked to extend school to more children, increase the number of years for mandatory school/attendance, lengthen the school year

28. Schools for Children • Between 1865-1895, 31 states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks a year of school attendance for children ages 8-14 • By 1900 75% of American children attended school – mostly in the cities • Studied a curriculum that emphasized reading, writing, & arithmetic • Rote memorization & the quality of teachers drew criticism • Kindergarten was created – it was outside the public school – for unemployed mothers • 62% of white kids attended school compared to 34% of black children

29. The Growth of High School • Due to the industrial age, the economy demanded advanced technical & managerial skills • In 1878: 800 high schools In 1898: 5,500 high schools • 1880: 72,000 students attended high school • In 1900: 500,000 attended high school • H.S curriculum expanded to include science, civics, history, literature & home economics • Vocational courses became available in drafting, carpentry, & mechanics • Courses for females: secretarial & bookkeeping

30. Racial Discrimination • African Americans were excluded from receiving a secondary education • In 1890 1% of black teenagers attended high school • In 1910 3% of black teenagers attended high school – most went to private schools

31. Education for Immigrants • Unlike African Americans, immigrants were encouraged to go to school • Most immigrants sent their children to free public schools where they quickly became “Americanized” • Catholics were concerned because Bible verses were read from the King James version – Protestant • Catholics started up their own parochial schools in their communities to give their children a catholic education • Adult immigrants went to night school & employers offered daytime programs to their immigrant workers

32. Expanding Higher Education • Only 2.3% attended college • Usually students came from middle class or wealthy families • College prepared well to do young men for successful careers • Between 1880 – 1920 college enrollment quadrupled • Colleges started to change their admission policies

33. Changes in Universities • The industrial movement changed the nation’s educational needs at the college level • The Research university emerged to meet these needs • Offered courses in modern languages, engineering, economics, physical science, psychology & sociology • Some Research universities were established by wealthy capitalists (Rockefeller: Univ. Chicago) • Medical schools were changing as well due to what was learned in the Civil War

34. Higher Education for African Americans • After the Civil War freed slaves pursued an education • Excluded from white colleges, they opened up all black schools to educate ministers, dentists, teachers, physicians • African Americans founded: Howard, Atlanta & Fisk universities • However, charitable organizations could not financially support or educate a sufficient number of black college graduates to provide enough doctors, lawyers & teachers to meet the needs of the segregated community

35. Higher Education for African Americans cont… • Out of 9.2 million blacks, only 3,880 had graduated from college • Only 1% of African Americans attended college • W.E.B. Dubois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1895 • He said the most educated blacks or the “talented tenth” attempt to achieve immediate inclusion into mainstream American life • Booker T. Washington believed racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills & proved their economic value to society • He graduated from the Hampton Institute & opened his own school

36. Education Influences Culture • More schools, universities & colleges became a source of education • Art galleries, libraries and museums make culture available to more people. • Many turn of the century artist & writers embraced social realism, attempting to portray life as it is really lived • Increased literacy boosts sales of “dime novels” and other light fiction.

37. Life at the Turn of the CenturySec. 3: Segregation & Discrimination - Objectives • To trace the development of legal discrimination against African Americans in the South and their struggle against it • To summarize turn of the century race relations in the North as well as in the South

38. African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination • After the North lifted military authority over the South, white Southern Democrats reclaimed control and instituted laws to subject African Americans to second class citizenship

39. Voter Restrictions • For about 10 years after Reconstructions, African Americans voted & even held office. • Bt the end of the 1800s that had changed & Southern states adopted a broad system of legal policies of racial discrimination & devised methods to weaken African American political power • New laws denied African American legal equality

40. Voter Restrictions: New Laws • Literacy tests: registrars asked blacks more difficult questions than they asked whites • Sometimes the test was given in a foreign language to blacks • The officials administering the test could pass or fail applicants as they wished

41. Voter Restrictions: Poll Tax • Poll tax: an annual tax that had to be paid to gain access to the voting booth • Blacks & white sharecroppers lacked cash to pay this & were frequently unable to vote • Whites who lacked money were grandfathered in • Grandfather clause: stated that even if a white man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1, 1867

42. Jim Crow Laws • State and local governments passed laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities • The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to “Jump, Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface • Segregation: system of separating people on the basis of race • Racial segregation developed in schools, hospitals, parks, transportation systems, restaurants, etc.

43. Plessy v. Ferguson • Homer Plessy: 7/8th white, 1/8th black was classified as a black man • Denied a seat in a railroad car & challenged the segregation law • Said it denied him his rights under the Louisiana constitution • Railroad said it just separate, but equal • Supreme Court sided with the railroad • Established the term: “separate but equal” • Allowed states to maintain separate facilities

44. Turn of the Century Race Relations • Written & unwritten laws that led to discrimination • Blacks were belittled and humiliated • Blacks & whites never shook hands • Blacks had to take off the hats to whites • Blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites • If accused of showing too little respect to whites, blacks would be lynched - 2,500 between 1885 & 1900 • Discrimination & segregation just as bad in the North • Blacks couldn’t live in white neighborhoods, labor unions denied them membership, hired as a last resort

45. Discussion Questions • What types of legal discrimination did African Americans face? • What were Jim Crow laws? How do you think these laws could have been fought? • How did Plessy v. Ferguson affect the civil rights of African Americans?

46. Sec. 4 Dawn of a Mass Culture • Although race discrimination was prevalent among non-whites & caused legal problems across the U.S. – it was a different story for whites • Due to rapid industrialization & improvements that made daily life easier more people (especially whites) found they had leisure time & money to spend • New recreational activities, new consumer products & trends caught the interest of people at the turn of the century. • A mass culture was born

47. Sec. 4: Dawn of a Mass Culture: Objectives • To give examples of turn of the century popular sports and other leisure activities • To describe turn of the century trends in music and the performing arts • To summarize the growing circulation of newspapers • To describe turn of the century innovations in marketing and advertising

48. American Leisure • Relief from city congestion & dull factories • Amusement parks • Built on green spaces • Often built by trolley car companies • Picnic grounds & rides • Coney Island, NY • 1894- Roller Coaster! • World Columbian Expo- Chicago 1893

50. More Leisure • Male only till 1885: Safety bicycle • Smaller wheels, air filled tires • Women discard corsets • Shirtwaists & split skirts, to ride • Gave women a sense of freedom • Tennis • First seen in Wales, 1873