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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1. HONORS BIOLOGY. I. BIOLOGY. Study of life and how living organisms interact with their environment Because encompasses so much, scientists have created hierarchy of organization. Hierarchy of organization. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ System

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CHAPTER 1

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  1. CHAPTER 1 HONORS BIOLOGY

  2. I. BIOLOGY • Study of life and how living organisms interact with their environment • Because encompasses so much, scientists have created hierarchy of organization

  3. Hierarchy of organization • Biosphere • Ecosystem • Community • Population • Organism • Organ System • Organs • Tissues • Cell • Organelle • Molecules • Atoms

  4. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells organelles Atoms/ molecules

  5. II. Living Organisms & their Environment • Interactions of organisms with environment make up a web or relationship within ecosystem • Ex. Producers, consumers, decomposers • Success of ecosystem depends on: • Recycling of chemical nutrients - nonliving, required for life • Recycling of chemical nrg - enters as light exits as heat

  6. Producers (such as plants) Cycling of chemical nutrients Heat Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals Heat

  7. III. Cells - Basic Unit of Life • Cells are the basic unit of life because • Make up all living organisms • Smallest structure that can perform all activities needed to live

  8. Types of Cells • Prokaryotic pro- karyote - anucleated No membranous organelles

  9. Eukaryotic Eu - Karyotic - Nucleated, more complex, larger

  10. IV. Unity of Life • All living organisms have common denominator --- DNA • Structure • Double helix • 5 carbon sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen base (A,T,C,G) • Function - • Instructions for cells activities • Blueprint of life • Order of bases are important

  11. Nucleotide Single strand of DNA

  12. V. Characteristics of Life • 7 Characterics all living things share • Heirarchy / Order • Homeostasis / Regulation • Growth/development • Metabolism / nrg processing • Respond to env. • Reproduce • Evolve

  13. VI. Diversity of Life • Diversity results from the difference in the structure of DNA (order of bases) • Approx 1.8 million known species • Scientists believe 10 - 200 million exist • To organize and classify all these organisms scientists use TAXONOMY (name and classify organisms)

  14. Heirarchy of Organization • D • K • P • C • O • F • G • S

  15. 3 Domains/ 6 kingdoms • Bacteria - prok.simple, most unicellular • Includes eubcteria kingdom • Archae - prok., simple, most unicellular, live in harsh conditions • Includes archaebacteria kingdom • Eukarya - euk. • Includes protists, animalia, plant, fungus kingdoms All these domains are interconnected through web of life

  16. bacteria

  17. archaebacteria

  18. eukarya

  19. VII. Evolution Evolution occurs as a result of diversity Evolution- change in a population over time

  20. CHARLES DARWIN Father of evolution - Published a book “On Origin of Species b Means of Natural Selection”

  21. 2 main points of theory of evolution: 1. Descent with Modification: all living species descended from a common ancestor, but changed over time(descent with modification to adopt to environment.

  22. 2. Natural Selection 2 concepts of natural selection • Individuals within a population have variety which allows them to survive in the environment • Overproduction and competition - population produce more offspring then will survive, with more individuals in env. competition occurs (natural selection)

  23. D A R W I N

  24. Natural Selection

  25. VIII. How Do Scientists Learn? • Science - “to know” • 2 approaches to study science • Discovery Based Science • Hypothesis based Science

  26. A. Discovery Based Science • Describes nature • Uses observations and measurements • Describes natural phenomenon • Based on INDUCTIVE reasoning (observations) • Ex. Because can see cells under a microscope in all living organisms, conclude that all living organisms are made of cells

  27. B. Hypothesis Based Science • Propose and test a hypothesis • Leads to prediction to be tested (if then statements) • Based on Deductive Reasoning (general to specific) Ex. IF all organisms are made of cells THEN humans are made of cells

  28. Steps to hypothesis based science • Scientific Method - sequence of steps to solve a scientific problem • 6 basic steps • Used by all scientists to create a standard to communicate results. Sharing Information • Publication • Peer reviewed publication

  29. Types of Experiments • Blind study- patient does not know if getting medicine or not • Eliminates bias on patient part • Double Blind - • Patient and scientists does not know if getting the real medicine or placebo • Eliminates bias on both sides

  30. Steps of Scientific Method • P • I • H • E • D • C

  31. Laws and Theories • Theory - hypothesis tested over long time. Can be modified • Ex. Theory of evolution ……. • Law - Theory tested over long period of time. • Newton’s laws……

  32. XI. Bio Connected to our Lives • It explains • relationship b/t all living organisms • Diversity of organisms • How the env. Affects organisms and their change • How science and technology are interdependent

  33. Science and tech. interdep. • How science and technology are interdependent ex. • Food - genetically modified • Air and water pollution • Cloning/stem cell • Nutritional supplements • Medical technology • Genetic engineering (vaccines, cures, etc…) • medicine to help us live longer and healthier • Living longer and healthier - good or bad?

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