Defination

1. Defination Origin : The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived. Insertion : the act of putting one thing into another action: something done

2. Ulnarislateralis • Insertion : also into top of the outer surface of the single metacarpal bone. • Structure : Wider than in the horse , and less tapered at its ends . The lower portion of the muscle belly fuses with the belly of the flexor carpiulnaris on the back of the forearm. They insert together as a single tendon into the accesory carpal bone. • Action : Flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint . Although technically a part of the extensor group of the forearm , this muscle is funtionally a flexor of the wrist joint because its main tendon inserts behind the wrist joint . It is therefore called ulnarislateralis rather than the extensor carpiulnaris (in dog and feline) .

3. Abductor digiti I (pollicis) longus (extensor carpiobliquus) • Origin : lower half of the outer surface of the radius and an adjacent area on the ulna. • Insertion : inner side of the upper end of the metacarpal bone. • Action : extends the carpal joint. • Structure : the flat , triangular muscle belly begins on the outside the forearm, then curves down , around , and to the inside of the wrist, ending as a tendon. It emerges from under the extensor digitorumcommunis and then passes over the tendon of the extensor carpiradialis. It may produce a very subtle effect on the surface.

4. Pronatorteres • In the goat, it is weak, fibrous band, occasionally containing a few muscular fibers. It does not create surface form. • In dog and feline • Origin : inner surface of the lower end of the humerus. It is the forward most attachment of all the flexor muscles. • Insertion : inner front edge of the radius, approximately a third to halfway down the bone.

5. Flexor carpiradialis (flexor metacarpi internus) • Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus. • Insertion : upper inner corner of the metacarpal bone. • Action : flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint. • Structure : long, slightly flattened muscle belly becomes tendinous three fourths of the way down the forearm. The entire front edge lies up against the exposed radius.

6. Flexor digitoriumsuperficialis ( flexor digitorum, flexor perforatus) • Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus. • Action : flexes the wrist joint and the upper two toe joints; extends the elbow joint. • Insertion : upper rear surface of the middle toe bone of both toes. • Structure : a small portion of the fleshy belly is visible on the surface, on the inner side of the limb, above the wrist . The long tendon splits on the back of the metacarpal bone for each toe. Just before it inserts, the tendon is perforated with a single hole to allow passage of the tendon of the flexor digitorumprofundus.

7. Flexor digitorumprofundus ( flexor perforans) • Origin : also from the rear and outer surface of the olecranon of the ulna. • Insertion : rear structure of the last toe bone of both toes. • Structure : the lower end of the tendon separates into two tendons, one for each digit . The muscle belly comes to the surface for a short distance just below the elbow. • Action : flexes the wrist joint and all the toe joints; extends the elbow joint.

8. Flexor carpiulnaris (flexor metacarpi medius) • Origin : lower end of the inside surface of the humerus ; inner surface, towards the rear , of the upper end of the ulna. • Insertion : upper edge end of the ulna • Action: flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint. • Structure : more flattened and wider than in the horse.