Defination

2. Defination • Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain that affects people in every country of the world. It is characterized by recurrent / two or more unprovoked seizures. • Seizures are brief episodes of involuntary shaking which may involve a part of the body (partial) or the entire body (generalized) and sometimes accompanied by LOC and loss control of bowel or bladder function. • Pathophysio > • result of excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. • Different parts of the brain can be the site of such discharges. • Seizures can vary from the briefest lapses of attention or muscle jerks, to severe and prolonged convulsions. • Seizures can also vary in frequency, from less than one per year to several per day.

3. Introduction • One seizure does not signal epilepsy (up to 10% of people worldwide have one seizure during their lifetimes). Epilepsy is defined by two or more unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is one of the world's oldest recognized conditions. Fear, misunderstanding, discrimination and social stigma have surrounded epilepsy for centuries. Some of the stigma continues today in many countries and can impact the quality of life for people with the disorder and their families.

4. a common neurological disorder characterised by recurring seizures. • Different types of epilepsy have different causes. • Epilepsy has been estimated to affect between 362,000 and 415,000 people in England. In addition, there will be • further individuals, estimated to be 5–30%, so amounting to up to another 124,500 people, who • have been diagnosed with epilepsy, but in whom the diagnosis is incorrect. Incidence is • estimated to be 50 per 100,000 per year and the prevalence of active epilepsy in the UK is • estimated to be 5–10 cases per 1000. Two-thirds of people with active epilepsy have their • epilepsy controlled satisfactorily with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Other approaches may include • surgery. • Optimal management improves health outcomes and can also help to minimise other, • often detrimental, impacts on social, educational and employment activity. The epilepsies (NICE • clinical guideline 20) stated that the annual estimated cost of established epilepsies was £2 billion (direct and indirect costs).

5. Epidemology (by WHO) • Epilepsy is a chronic noncommunicable disorder of the brain that affects people of all ages. • Around 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy. • ~ 80% of the people with epilepsy are found in developing regions. • Currently 70% - responds to treatment, • yet about 3/4 fourths of affected people in developing countries do not get the treatment they need. • Patient is associated with stigma and discrimination in many parts of the world

6. By NICE • Incidence is estimated to be 50 per 100,000 per year • the prevalence of active epilepsy in the UK is estimated to be 5–10 cases per 1000. • Two-thirds of people with active epilepsy have their epilepsy controlled satisfactorily with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). • Other approaches may include surgery

7. Causes (WHO) • The MC type – for 6/10 people with the disorder – is called idiopathic epilepsy and has no identifiable cause. In many cases > underlying genetic basis. • Secondary epilepsy/ symptomatic epilepsy > epilepsy with a known cause could be: • brain damage from prenatal or perinatal injuries • (a loss of oxygen or trauma during birth, low birth weight); • congenital abnormalities or genetic conditions with associated brain malformations; • a severe blow to the head; • a stroke that starves the brain of oxygen; • an infection of the brain such as meningitis, encephalitis, neurocysticercosis; • certain genetic syndromes; • a brain tumor

9. Cause

12. Reference • WHO; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/ • NICE ; guidance.nice.org.uk/cg137 • ILAE ; Ihttp://www.ilae.org/Visitors/Centre/Definition.cfm