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Setting JET on Track

Setting JET on Track. Prof. Donato Palumbo Honorary General Director Research EURATOM 25th JET Anniversary, Culham 20th May 2004. Fusion Reaction: D + T  4 He + n. Alpha particle : 20 % of reaction energy ==> CONFINED ==> PLASMA SELF HEATING Neutron : 80 % of reaction energy

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Setting JET on Track

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  1. Setting JET on Track Prof. Donato Palumbo Honorary General Director Research EURATOM 25th JET Anniversary, Culham 20th May 2004 “Setting JET on track”

  2. Fusion Reaction: D + T  4He + n • Alpha particle : • 20 % of reaction energy • ==> CONFINED • ==> PLASMA SELF HEATING • Neutron : • 80 % of reaction energy • ==> NOT CONFINED • ==> ENERGY OUTPUT and • TRITIUM PRODUCTION D T n, 14.1 MeV 4He, 3.5 MeV “Setting JET on track”

  3. Fusion Reactors • Building a fusion reactor is a very challenging task • Simple criterion found by Lawson (1955) : • n  > 1020 cm-3s • Instabilities reducing  • Nevertheless n  now • up to 6 1019 cm-3s • MAJOR ROLE PLAYED BY JET “Setting JET on track”

  4. 1958 - International September 1958 “Atoms for Peace” (IAEA, Geneva) L.A.Artsimovich E.Teller Fusion technology is very complex. It is almost impossible to build a fusion reactor in this century • Plasma physics is very difficult. • Worldwide collaboration needed for progress “Setting JET on track”

  5. Europe: from 1958... How to organize collaboration ? Solution ( Palumbo + Waelbroeck ): Fusion Associations First one : CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses “Setting JET on track”

  6. …to 1986 “Setting JET on track”

  7. 1958-1968 • First years of EU Fusion Research Programme • Various magnetic configurations under study : • Mirrors, Z and -pinches, stellarators • Development of Plasma Heating methods • Development of Plasma Diagnostics • MODEST PROGRESS “Setting JET on track”

  8. 1968 - A turning point for fusion physicsEmergence of the Tokamak IAEA Novosibirsk (August 1968) T3 reaches 1 keV Confirmed by 1969 Culham mission to Moscow “Setting JET on track”

  9. 1968 - A turning point for fusion physicsTOKAMAK appears • before 1968: very little money for fusion in EURATOM • EURATOM faced risks of severe budget cuts because the Organic Liquid Heavy Water Reactor project terminates without success • positive results from T3 inspired a bold attempt: propose a robust fusion programme within EURATOM • Reorientation of fusion programme (Groupe de Liaison ‘69 led by Braams): • There is a need for Several small tokamaks One BIG tokamak “Setting JET on track”

  10. FUSION TAKE-OFF IN EARLY 70’s • Council is positive about a robust fusion programme • The Council’s Decision dated June 21, 1971 provides • MORE MONEY FOR FUSION THAN REQUESTED • (46.5 MUC instead of 45 MUC for 1971-1975) • and, even more importantly, it defines the scope: “… a long-term co-operative project embracing all work carried out in the Member States in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion. It is designed to lead in due course to the joint construction of prototypes with a view to their industrial production and marketing.” • Switzerland and Sweden joined EURATOM • Several tokamaks : TFR very succesful (designed by Rebut) “Setting JET on track”

  11. 1972-1975 The scientific birth of JET • 1972 : Luc-Enriques JET working group • Define requirements for a largetokamak reaching reactor conditions • 1973 : • May : recommendation 3MA tokamak needed • June : • Design group in CulhamLeader is P.H.RebutSupervisory board led by R.Toschi. • September : Start of design team in Culham • November : First preliminary report • 1975 : Final JET report - Famous R5 ONLY 3 YEARS FROM CONCEPT TO DESIGN “Setting JET on track”

  12. 1975-1977 Years of indecisiveness 10 Sessions of Council of Ministers to solve JET site discussion 1977 Setting JET on Track Site ? Legal Status ? Cost ? • From the most difficult to the simpliest: • Siting problem solved :Council of Ministers 25 Oct ‘77 (led by Simonet from Belgium)Decision helped by Terrorist raid on Entebbe • Legal Status :Joint Undertaking, adopted by the Council just a week earlier • Cost is shared :80% Commission, 10% Host country, 10% Associations “Setting JET on track”

  13. 1977-1983 Building JET and Reaching the First 1MA plasmas in JET • 18th May 1979: the foundation stonelaid by Dr G Brunner in Culham • the duo H.O.Wüster and P.H.Rebut JET built on schedule and in budget • 25th June 1983 : first plasmain OctoberJET is the first tokamak in the world reaching 1MA, and makes 3MA by the end of the year • before TFTR(USA) and JT-60 (Japan) • 19th April 1984 : Official openingby H.R.M. Queen Elizabeth II “Setting JET on track”

  14. fusion programme has been managed by scientists • freedom for the management is of prior importance • Position of JET in EFP has been mutually beneficial • Quality of Scientific Leader and of staff is essential • JET has been universally judged as a big step Conclusive remarks “Setting JET on track”

  15. JET and ITER • 2004 • fusion is a HOPE • energy problems becoming critical • 1958 • fusion was a DREAM • energy problems important • ITER • facing similar problems as met by JET • Hope for a solution soon • Only one machine : no room for mistakes ! • For a fast development of fusion power : • A parallel a substantial technology program • Reduce delays as much as possible • Political support • Main responsibility on physicists and engineers • DO IT WELL AND FAST “Setting JET on track”

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