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ECOLOGY tech Biology Version

BIO.B.4. ECOLOGY tech Biology Version. Ecology – the study of interactions among and between organisms and their environment. Ecology. Levels of Organization (small to large) Species – group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

daniel-mullen
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ECOLOGY tech Biology Version

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  1. BIO.B.4 ECOLOGYtech Biology Version

  2. Ecology – the study of interactions among and between organisms and their environment Ecology

  3. Levels of Organization (small to large) • Species – group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring • Populations – groups of the same species that live in the same area • Communities – groups of different populations (therefore different species) that live in the same area Organizational Groups

  4. Ecosystem – all of the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment • Biome – a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities • Examples: • Biosphere – part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air.

  5. Ecological Levels of Organization

  6. The World’s Major Land Biomes

  7. Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Less than one percent of the sun’s energy that reaches the surface is used by living thing Autotrophs (producers) – organisms that use either light energy or inorganic chemicals make their own food Energy Flow Through An Ecosystem

  8. Photosynthesis – process in which organisms use light to make their own food (sugar) • Examples: plants, algae, some bacteria and some protists • Chemosynthesis - process in which organisms use inorganic chemicals to makefood • Examples: bacteria which live in volcanoes, hot springs, and deep-sea vents

  9. Heterotrophs (consumers) – organisms that must eat food for their energy and cannot make their own food • Herbivores – eat mostly plants • Examples • Carnivores – eat mostly animals • Examples • Omnivores – eat both plants and animals • Examples • Decomposers – break down organic material • Examples

  10. Feeding Relationships • Food Chain – series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten • Food web – links all of the food chains in an ecosystem • Trophic Level – each step in a food chain or food web

  11. What eats what? This is the order that energy flows through an ecosystem: • Producers • Primary (first) consumers • Secondary (second) consumers • Tertiary (third) consumers • Arrows point the direction the energy or food flows (from food to “eater”).

  12. A Food Web Section 3-2 Make your own food web

  13. Energy Pyramid - shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Energy Pyramid

  14. Ten Percent Rule - only about 10% of energy available within one trophic level is transferred to next level • Why this inefficiency? • Most of the energy that an organism uses does not make it into the organism that eats it. • Energy in feces, energy used in metabolism, and energy converted to heat does not make it to the next trophic level.

  15. Not all of the caterpillar’s food is converted into biomass or potential energy for a predator. So the bird that eats this caterpillar will not get energy from the caterpillar’s feces, or the energy that was used by the caterpillar.

  16. Biotic – biological (living) factors that affect an ecosystem Abiotic– nonliving (physical) factors that affect an ecosystem Ecological Terms

  17. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Go to Section:

  18. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Go to Section:

  19. Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way the organisms uses those conditions

  20. Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree Go to Section:

  21. Competition—an interaction in which organisms of the same or different species attempt to use a resource in the same place and at the same time. Predation—an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another animal Community Interactions

  22. Symbiosis– a relationship in which two species live closely together • Three types of symbiosis: • Mutualism= + + (both benefit) • Examples: • Commensalism= + 0 (one benefits, other little or no benefit) • Examples: • Parasitism= + - (one benefits, other harmed) • Examples:

  23. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and among ecosystems • Biogeochemical cycles pass molecules around again and again • The Cycles • Water Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle • Phosphorus Cycle Matter Cycles

  24. The Nitrogen Cycle Go to Section:

  25. Ecological Succession– a series of changes in a community over time in response to natural and human disturbances • As changes occur, older inhabitants die out and new organisms move in. • Primary Succession • Occurs where there is no soil • After a volcanic eruption • Bare rock exposed by glaciers moving Changes in an Ecosystem

  26. Pioneer Species– the first species to populate an area (ex. lichens) • Lichens (a symbiotic organism between a fungus and an alga) can grow on bare rock. • Lichens release chemicals that dissolve and break down rock thus making soil. • Once there is soil, other organisms come in like mosses and small plants and animals soon follow. Why do animals come after plants?

  27. Secondary Succession • Occurs when life is removed without destroying the soil • Plowing, fire, deforestation, drought, etc. can all spark secondary succession • Occurs faster than primary succession. Why?

  28. Global Warming Ozone depletion Nonnative species Invasive species Water, soil, and air pollution Habitat destruction (fire, deforestation, etc) Oil spills Salinization of soil Mining Natural and Human Disturbances

  29. Native Species of Plants and Animals in Pennsylvania http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flowers/images/mountain_laurel.jpg http://www.whitetailbsa.org/whitetail.jpg http://projects.juniata.edu/currents/kids/Brooktrout.jpg

  30. Introduced Species of Plants and Animals in Pennsylvania http://www.fish.state.pa.us/pafish/raintrtm.jpg http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/ large/walnutenglishtree.jpg http://ohric.ucdavis.edu/photos/fullsize/Japanese-maple.jpg

  31. Invasive Species of Plants and Animals in Pennsylvania http://wihort.uwex.edu/Phenology/GypsyMoth.html http://www.forestry.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/DB6C6A0E-9E0D-4014-94FE-26B82E991890/0/PurpleLoosestrife2.jpg http://plainfieldtrees.blogspot.com/2007/08/ailanthus-altissima-tree-that-grows-in.html http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/lib/pgc/wildlife/feral_swine/hogs3_closeup.jpg

  32. Understanding the numbers Population Biology

  33. Exponential Growth (J)– highest rate of reproduction under ideal conditions Population Growth Curves

  34. Logistic growth (S)– occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth • Carrying capacity– maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support

  35. UN Projections for World Human Population Levels Present-2100

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