Understanding The Immune System

1. Understanding The Immune System MICro 451 IMMUNOLOGY Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref

2. The Immune System Bacteria Parasite in red blood cell SARS virus Fungus

3. Markers of Self Epithelial cell Muscle cell Leukocyte Nerve cell Class I MHC self-marker protein

4. Markers of Non-Self Bacteria SARS virus Epitope Antigen Antibody Non-self nerve cell Non-self leukocyte Antigen Epitope Class I MHC protein Antibody

5. Markers of Self: Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigenic peptide Antigenic peptide Antigenic peptide Viral infection MHC Class I MHC Class I MHC Class II Antigen-presenting cell uses MHC Class I or II Infected cell Cell membrane

6. Organs of the Immune System Tonsils and adenoids Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Peyer’s patches Appendix Lymph nodes Bone marrow Lymphatic vessels

7. Lymphatic System Lymph node Lymphatic vessel

8. Lymph Node Incoming lymphatic vessel Germinal center Follicle Paracortex Cortex Medulla Outgoing lymphatic vessel Vein Artery

9. Cells of the Immune System Bone graft Macrophage Mast cell Eosinophil Erythrocytes Marrow Basophil Monocyte Megakaryocyte Bone Hematopoieticstem cell Multipotential stem cell Myeloid progenitor cell Neutrophil Platelets Lymphoid progenitor cell Dendritic cell T lymphocyte B lymphocyte Natural killer cell

10. B Cells Antigen-specific B cell receptor Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed Antigen Antibodies B cell Lymphokines Plasma cell Antigen-presenting bacteria Activated helper T cell

11. Antibody Heavy chain Light chain Antigen-binding region Constant region Assembled antibody molecule

12. Immunoglobulins IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA IgA IgM

13. Antibody Genes V V V D D J J J J C Heavy chain Light chain V D J C Antigen-binding region Constant region Assembled antibody molecule Rearranged gene components encoding a heavy chain Gene components scattered through one chromosome

14. T Cells Resting helper T cell Resting cytotoxic T cell Activated helper T cell Activated killer cell

15. Cytokines Lymphokines Monokines Mature helper T cell Macrophage

16. Killer Cells: Cytotoxic Ts and NKs Killer cell Target cell Target-oriented granules Surface contact

17. Phagocytes and Their Relatives Monocyte Eosinophil Mast cell Macrophage Dendritic cell Neutrophil Basophil

18. Phagocytes in the Body Brain: microglial cells Lung:alveolar macrophages Liver: Kupffer cells Spleen: macrophages Kidney:mesangial phagocytes Blood: monocytes Lymph node: resident and recirculating macrophages Precursors in bone marrow Joint:synovial A cells

19. Complement C2 C3 C3a C5a C7 C1 C6 C8 C5b IgG C5b C4 Enzyme C3b C5 Antigen C9

20. Mounting an Immune Response Complement Lymphokines T cell Antibodies Macrophage B cell Killer cell Virus

21. Antigen Receptors B cell Killer cell Helper T cell Antigen-specific receptor T cell receptor T cell receptor CD8 protein CD4 protein Antigen Antigenic peptide Antigenic peptide Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane MHC Class I MHC Class I MHC Class II Antigen-presenting cell Infected cell Antigen-presenting cell

22. Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody Circulating antibody Antigen Antigen-presenting cell Antigen-specific B cell receptor Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed Antigen is processed Antigen Class II MHC Lymphokines B cell Antibodies Antigen-presenting cell Activated helper T cell Plasma cell

23. Activation of T Cells: Helper Antigen is processed Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed Antigen Macrophage Helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC Class II MHC Monokines Antigen-presenting cell Resting helper T cell Lymphokines MHC Class II Activated helper T cell Antigenic peptide T cell receptor CD4 protein Helper T cell

24. Activation of T Cells: Cytotoxic Antigen is processed Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed Antigen Macrophage Resting helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC Class II MHC Monokines Resting helper T cell Lymphokines Activated helper T cell Class I MHC Processed antigen and Class I MHC Cytotoxic T cell becomes activated Infected cell Antigen (virus) MHC Class I CD8 protein Activated cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cell Infected cell Processed antigen (viral protein) Cell dies Cytotoxic T cell Antigenic peptide T cell receptor

25. Regulatory T Cells T cells compete for same antigen T cells compete for cytokine signals Cytotoxic T cell Mature dendritic cell Regulatory T cells Regulatory T cell Proliferation

26. Immunity: Active and Passive Active immunity Passive immunity Naturally acquired Naturally acquired Artificially acquired Artificially acquired

27. Disorders of the Immune System: Allergy Interleukins Allergen IgE Mediators Symptoms B cell Plasma cell Mast cell Mature helper T cell

28. Disorders of the Immune System: Autoimmune Disease Pancreas Cytotoxic T cell Beta cell

29. Disorders of the Immune System: Immune Complex Disease Glomerular basement membrane of kidney Large complex Endothelial cell Small complex

30. Disorders of the Immune System: AIDS Virus protein Virus RNA Virus DNA Cell DNA New virus particle

31. Human Tissue Typing for Transplants HLA Chromosome 6 D B C A Leukocyte MHC protein

32. “Privileged” Immunity Chorionic villi

33. Immunity and Cancer Antibody Macrophage Cancer cell Helper T cell Natural killer cell Cytotoxic T cell

34. Immunotherapy Radioisotope Herceptin Growth factor Herceptin blocks receptor Antibody Antigen Breast cancer cell Lymphoma cell Lymphoma cell destroyed Growth slows

35. Dendritic Cells That Attack Cancer Dendritic cell matures and is infused back into patient Complex binds to dendritic cell precursor Tumor antigen T cell Tumor antigen is linked to a cytokine Complex is taken in by dendritic cell precursor Dendritic cell displays tumor antigen and activates T cells Cancer cell T cells attack cancer cell

36. The Immune System and the Nervous System Brain Neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways Immunotransmitters (feedback, regulation and modulation) Thymus Bonemarrow Thymosins T cell Lymphokines Monokines Macrophage B cell

37. Hybridoma Technology Antigen Cells fuse to make hybridomas Cancerous plasma cells Antibody-producing plasma cells Clones are tested for desired antibody Hybridoma cells grow in culture Desired clones are cultured and frozen Individual hybridoma cells are cloned Hybridomas are kept alive in mouse Monoclonal antibodies are purified

38. Genetic Engineering A plasmid (ring of DNA) is isolated from a bacterium An enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sites A gene for protein, taken from another cell, is cut with the same enzyme The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the bacterium The new gene directs the bacterium to make a new protein product such as interferon The gene is inserted into the plasmid, where it fits exactly. This is recombinant DNA When the bacterium divides and replicates, it copies itself and the recombinant DNA

39. The SCID-hu Mouse Immature human immune tissue Immature human immune cells Mouse kidneys Immuno-incompetent SCID mouse

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