Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

1. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) cdfc.rug.ac.be/HealthRisk/PAHs/toxicology.htm

2. PAH Absorbtion • Respiratory tract after inhalation of PAH-containing aerosols or of particulates to which a PAH, in the solid state, has become to be absorbed • Gastro-intestinal tract after ingestion of contaminated food or water • Skin as a result of contact with PAH-bearing materials.

3. PAH Distribution • Detectable in almost all internal organs, • Organs rich in adipose tissue are storage depots from which hydrocarbons are gradually released • Gastrointestinal tract contains high levels of hydrocarbon and metabolites, even when PAH are administered by other routes, as a result of mucociliary clearance and swallowing or hepatobiliary excretion (IPCS, 1998)

6. Elimination • Most metabolites of PAH are excreted in feces and urine. • Target organs • Skin: Anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene and napthalene are primary irritants. Anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene were reported to be sensitisers (IPCS, 1998). Some PAH may produce skin cancer (scrotum, face) • Respiratory system: Lung cancer • Urogenital system:Bladder cancer • Gastro-intestinal system: Stomach cancer

7. Teratogenicity • Embryotoxic effects have been described in experimental animals exposed to PAH such as benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and napthalene • Genotoxicity: benzo(a)pyrene binds to DNA and causes gene mutations, chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges; unsheduled DNA synthesis.

8. Carcinogenicity • Cancers associated with exposure to PAHs-containing mixtures are predominantly lung and skin cancers,following inhalation and dermal exposure, respectively. Bladder cancer has also been associated with exposure to PAHs in aluminium plants or when handling asphalt The impact of a potentialconfounding by other simultaneous exposures (e.g. aromatic amines, other components of bitumen/tar...) has not definitely been determined.

9. Holsbeek et al 1999 “Food is considered to be the primary source of PAHs (Law and Whinnett, 1992), PAH levels probably being diet-dependent. The observed PAHs are presumably the ones which have escaped metabolization (Hellou et al., 1990).”

10. Marsili et al 2001 - ? ng/g fw (? Table 2 is microgram/g for tPAH) • Fin whales • 1993: 10 to 30 (RECENT SPILLS) • 1996: 1 • S coeruleoalba • 30’s ? Poor metabolizers. Only burn fat if pregnant, lactating, sick or migrating Suggest PAH may be significant stressor but give no reasons

11. Martineau et al 2002 • High prevalence of epithelial cancers, especially in proximal intestine, in SLE beluga • Epidemiologically associated with PAH exposure to beluga and humans from local aluminum smelters

12. Other effects • Anti-estrogenic in flounder – Monteiro et al 2000 MER 49:453-467 • Are PAH more significant to mm than residue data would imply? • How can we examine their effects that are less overt than carcinogenesis? • Which species are most at risk?

13. PAH References • IARC (1983) IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals in humans, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Part.1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Lyon • IPCS (1998) Environmental Health Criteria 202 Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, WHO, Geneva • ATSDR (1995), Toxicological profile for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)Updata, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Governement Printing Office Hellou, J., Stenson, G., Ni, I. H., and Payne, J. F. 1990. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle tissue of marine mammals from the Northwest Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21:469-473. • Holsbeek, L., Joiris, C. R., Debacker, V., Ali, I. B., Roose, P., Nellissen, J. P., Gobert, S., Bouquegneau, J. M., and Bossicart, M. 1999. Heavy metals, organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sperm whales stranded in the southern North Sea during the 1994/1995 winter. Marine Pollution Bulletin [Mar. Pollut. Bull.]. 38:304-313. • Martineau, D., Lemberger, K., Dallaire, A., Labelle, P., Lipscomb, T. P., Michel, P., and Mikaelian, I. 2002. Cancer in Wildlife, a Case Study: Beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives [Environ. Health Perspect.]. 110:285-292. • Mastrangelo, G., Fadda, E., and Marzia, V. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man. Environ Health Perspect 104:1166-1170.

14. Algal toxins Some diatoms and dinoflagellates are variously neurotoxic toxic to humans and fish via diet or inhalation.

15. Toxicology of Marine Mammals – Vos et al 2003 Taylor and Francis Source for next 13 slides

17. SAXITOXIN (STX) • 3 dino genera • Alexandrium • Gymnodinium • Pyrodinium • 21 congeners • Tingling and numbness in mouth and extremities ± death

18. 1987/8 Humpbacks – Cape Cod Bay • 14 dead in a 5 week period • Stomach mackerel, whale liver and kidney +ve STX-like bioassay, but –ve HPLC • Local fish had +ve HPLC • Remains circumstantial

19. Mediterranean Monk Seal • May/Jun 1997 - > 100 seals leaving only 70 in the population • Morbillivirus present • STX by bioassay and HPLC, but levels lower than expected to cause mortaltity

20. Sea Otters • Butter clams can sequester STX • Sea Otters avoid areas of toxic clams • When fed toxic clams they avoid the most toxic clam parts such as siphon and kidney

21. Domoic Acid (DA) • Water soluble from various Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms • 17 congeners • GI effects, dizziness, nausea and lossof short term memory • Hippocampus necrosis

22. Marine animal DA events • Pelicans & Cormorants – Monterey Bay 1991 DA, anchovies and P-n frustules in stomach • California Sea Lions 1998 – head weaving, scratching, tremors and convulsions – See Gulland et al 2000 and Scholin et al 2000. Microgram per gram levels of DA in serum, urine and feces (it is cleared rapidly in urine)– similar levels to LD50 in mice. • ’78. ’86. ’92 also DA events in CA in hindsight also in 2000 • ?also mole crabs to sea otters and krill to gray whales • Detected in humpback mortality on Georges Bank summer 2003 at ng/g levels in feces.

23. Scholin et al Nature 2000

24. Guess who sampling a mass mortality of humpback whales on Georges Bank 07/03 – DA found in feces at ng/g levels

25. Brevetoxin (PbTx)

26. PbTx • 9 congeners • Karenia brevis (aka Gymnodinium) and other dinos • FL, Japan, NZ and US Mid Atlantic • Oral – perioral tingling and numbness • Inhalational – coughing and gagging • Fish kills. Also Manatees and Tursiops in years of drought with poor flow of the Caloosahatchee R • 1987 Tt die off – PbTx, PCB, Morbillivirus, Immunosupression

27. Ciguaterra

28. Ciguaterra • 18 congeners Gambierdiscus toxicus a coral epiphyte dino, grazed by reef fish • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and perioral numbness • Speculated as involved in decline of Hawaiian monk seal

29. Questions • How do we get at the multi-factorial agents? • How do you triage the analysis of a mass mortality event? • What are the environmental factors that affect algal toxin events?

30. Algal Toxins References 1989. Toxic dinoflagellates and marine mammal mortalities. Report; Conference WHOI-89-36; CRC-89-6. Anderson, D. M., and A. W. White. 1992. Marine biotoxins at the top of the food chain. Oceanus 35:55-61. Lefebvre, K. A., S. Bargu, T. Kieckhefer, and M. W. Silver. 2002. From sanddabs to blue whales: the pervasiveness of domoic acid. Toxicon [Toxicon] 40:971-977. O'Shea, T. J., G. B. Rathbun, R. K. Bonde, C. D. Buergelt, and D. K. Odell. 1991. An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with a dinoflagellate bloom. Marine Mammal Science 7:165-179. Rue, E., and K. Bruland. Domoic acid binds iron and copper: a possible role for the toxin produced by the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Rue, E., and K. Bruland. 2001. Domoic acid binds iron and copper: a possible role for the toxin produced by the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Marine Chemistry [Mar. Chem.]. 76:1-2. Scholin, C. A., F. Gulland, G. J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman, F. P. Chavez, J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. De Vogelaere, J. Harvey, M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. Lipscomb, F. M. Van Dolah, and et al. 2000. Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature [Nature]. no. 6765:80-84. Steidinger, K. A. Implications of 1986-87 Ptychodiscus brevis red tide and 1987-88 mass bottlenose dolphin mortalities. Trainer, V. L., N. G. Adams, B. D. Bill, C. M. Stehr, J. C. Wekell, P. Moeller, M. Busman, and D. Woodruff. Domoic acid production near California coastal upwelling zones, June 1998. Trainer, V. L., N. G. Adams, B. D. Bill, C. M. Stehr, J. C. Wekell, P. Moeller, M. Busman, and D. Woodruff. 1998. Domoic acid production near California coastal upwelling zones, June 1998. Limnology and Oceanography [Limnol. Oceanogr.]. 45:1818-1833. Van Dolah, F. M., G. J. Doucette, F. M. Fulland, T. L. Rowles, and G. D. Bossart. 2003. Impacts of algal toxins on marine mammals. In: Toxicology of Marine Mammals. J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier and T. O'Shea. Taylor and Francis, NY.247-269.