Return Path Testing Seminar Presented by Sunrise Telecom Broadband … a step ahead

1. Return Path Testing Seminar Presented by Sunrise Telecom Broadband …a step ahead

2. Introduction to Return Path Testing • Testing on the return path is significantly different than the forward path. • Ingress from anywhere in the node can effect all subscribers on that node and interfere with data traffic. • Subscriber’s modems must time share bandwidth on the return with all other users on that node. • Spectrum displays and the zero span display of a spectrum analyzer are very useful tools for analyzing the return path and the signals carried on it.

3. Noise and Ingress Funneling • Noise and ingress from anywhere in the node can effect all users on that node Return Modem Signal tap tap To Headend Node tap tap Return Modem Signal Noise Ingress and Modem Signals Combine tap tap Noise or Ingress

4. Using a Spectrum Display to Track Ingress and Noise • Use a spectrum analyzer display to track the source of noise and ingress in the system. Return Modem Signal tap tap To Headend Node tap tap Return Modem Signal tap tap Check at various points in the system to locate source of ingress or noise Noise or Ingress

5. Limitations of Spectrum Displays for Catching Fast Transients. • Scanning Spectrum Analyzers measure only one band of frequencies at any given instant. Frequency Range Where Measurement is Being Made at That Instant Frequencies Stored From Last Pass of Filter

6. Limitations of Spectrum Displays for Catching Fast Transients. • If the spectrum analyzer is at another frequency when the transient appears it will not be displayed. A transient happening at this time will be missed by the filter unless it is still there when the filter comes by again

7. Max Hold Function • Max Hold allows the spectrum display to catch transient signals such as ingress and modems. • Max hold displays the highest level measured and holds it until the trace is cleared by the user or a setting changed. • Max hold will only catch a transient if it is present at the time the sweep passes the frequency of the transient. • Allowing the trace to build up over time using max hold increases the chance of catching fast transients. Max Hold Trace Current Sweep

8. Zero Span • Zero Span mode on a spectrum analyzer is a very useful tool for viewing and measuring fast transient signals or ingress. • Zero Span mode stops the sweep of the spectrum analyzer and parks it at the center frequency changing the display from the frequency domain to the time domain. Amplitude Amplitude Time Frequency Time Domain Frequency Domain

9. Zero Span • By parking on a frequency the analyzer will now display any amplitude variations over time. • Zero span displays the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier over the time of the display. Modem Bursts Time Display In Zero Span

10. Zero Span • Amplitude variations displayed will include cable modem bursts and intermittent ingress. • Because the center frequency is always tuned to the carrier and doesn’t sweep, extremely fast transients can be viewed. Cable Modem Signals Noise Floor viewable between modem bursts

11. Zero Span Markers • Markers in Zero span allow you to measure the level of individual modems and the desired to undesired ratio. • Noise and ingress can be viewed at the carrier frequency between modem bursts Marker 1 Marker 2 2nd Modem Burst 1st Modem Burst Modem Level (Mkr 1) Noise Level (Mkr 2) Desired to Undesired Ratio

12. Zero Span Trigger Threshold • Since return path modem signals appear at random times it is necessary to trigger the display on a modem signals rising edge to catch it at the correct time. Trigger level is adjustable to match the level of the modem signal. Trigger Threshold adjusted to about 50% of burst amplitude.

13. Zero Span Time Per Division • Since the zero span display is in the time domain, the horizontal axis is calibrated in time/division. • Selecting a longer time per division will show a longer snapshot of the modem traffic. • Longer times will not display the resolution in time so adjust the time/division to get the type of display you are looking for. 2ms/div 200ms/div

14. Effects of Resolution Bandwidth on Zero Span • Since the analyzer is parked at the center frequency and doesn’t scan, only signals within the bandwidth of the resolution bandwidth filter will be displayed. • To accurately display wide band signals such as cable modem return path signals a wide resolution bandwidth filter such as 2 MHz is required to accurately display the signal. • When viewing narrower signals such as noise and ingress it may be better to use a narrower resolution bandwidth such as 300 kHz. 2 MHz Resolution Bandwidth 300kHz Resolution Bandwidth 2 MHz RBW required to capture entire bandwidth

15. Return Path Testing Conclusions • Testing on the return path is much different than on the forward path due to noise and ingress funneling and the bursty nature of return path signals. • The spectrum analyzer display is a very useful tool for tracking down ingress and noise in the field. • The zero span display of a spectrum analyzer stops the frequency sweep and turns the display into a time domain display of the signals in the frequency band of the resolution bandwidth filter. • The zero span display of a spectrum analyzer allows you to see fast transients events such as modem bursts and ingress as well as the noise in between the events.