U.S. Influence in Cuba

1. U.S. Influence in Cuba • Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. involvement. • The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment.

2. The Platt Amendment • Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory • The United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba • Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repay • The United States could buy or leaseland on the island for naval stations and refueling stations • ***Passage of the Platt Amendment resulted in the creation of a U.S. military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

3. Ruling Puerto Rico • Puerto Rico was strategically important to the US • For maintaining a military presence in the Caribbean • For protecting a future canal that U.S. leaders had been dreaming of building across the isthmus of Panama for decades.

4. The Foraker Act • Ended military rule • Set up a civil government • The U.S. president had the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and members of the upper house of its legislature • The lower house (House of Representatives) was elected by Puerto Ricans

5. What does it mean to have an EMPIRE? More Questions than Answers • Does the Constitution follow the flag? • Insular cases (1901-1905) provide the answer • People living in territories that are not “incorporated” into the United States are not entitled to the same Constitutional protections as those living in the states.

6. Filipinos Rebel • The bitterness felt by Filipinos would ignite an unsuccessful 3-year war, led by Emilio Aguinaldo (who believed the U.S. had promised independence), against American troops. To leaders in the U.S. military and in Washington D.C., the strategic importance of the Philippines to American interests was worth fighting for.

7. The Filipinos Rebel • ***Acquiring a base to protect U.S. trade interests in the Pacific was a motive that underlay Commodore George Dewey’s attack on the Spanish fleet in Manila harbor, Philippines. • ***For President McKinley, increased commercial opportunities for U.S. businesses influenced his decision to maintain U.S. control of the Philippines after the war.

8. Filippino Revolution PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION Emilio Agunialdo Filipino Revolutionists

9. Filipino Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo. • Erupted between the nationalists and U.S. troops stationed on the islands. • Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics. • U.S. army responded by rounding peasants into "reconcentration camps"

10. Emilio Aguinaldo • Leader of the Filipino Uprising. • July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

11. U.S. troops declared entire areas battle zones • No distinctions were made between combatants and civilians. • 4,200 American and 16,000 Filipino soldiers are thought to have been killed in the fighting. • US captured Aguinaldo in March 1901 and he pledged allegiance to the United States.

13. Anti-Imperialist League resistance to the Philippine War.

14. Cartoon-Open Door Policy OPEN DOOR POLICY • Secretary of State John Hay, proposed the Open Door Notesto the European powers ***The goal of the Open Door notes was equal access to trade in areas of China controlled by foreign governments

15. CHINESE TRADE Open Door Policy1900, U.S. Policy, US negotiated with European nations to agree of having free and equal trade rights in China • Philippine RebellionUS war with the Philippines from 1899 to 1902 to keep the Philippines as a US Territory • Boxer RebellionChinese nationalists fight to remove foreigners, 1899-1900….US troops were sent to put this down along with European troops

16. Govt. assists CHINESE TRADE • Boxer Rebellion:Chinese nationalist fightto remove foreigners, 1899-1900 • ***U.S. interest also came under attack because the Open Door policy attempted to secure for the United States the same power enjoyed by other Western countries in China

17. Spheres of influence Areas in a country where a foreign nation claims sole rights to trade and invest.

18. Cartoon-Open Door Policy Uncle Sam to the European powers….”Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you can’t divide me up into spheres of influence”.

19. Boxer BOXER REBELLION • A secret society, known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, attracted thousands of followers. • Foreigners called members of this society "Boxers" because they practiced martial arts. • The Boxers also believed that they had a magical power, and that foreign bullets could not harm them. • Millions of "spirit soldiers," they said, would soon rise from the dead and join their cause. Boxer’s practiced martial arts

20. Boxer1 BOXER REBELLION • Their cause was to expel all "foreign devils from China. • The Boxer’s new slogan -- "Support China, kill foreign devils!” • US and European nations sent troops to put down rebellion. • It was successfully put down by the multi-national force. • Chinese govt. ordered to pay $333 million to European nations for damages and expand their trade.

21. Island Possessions

22. quick access to Atlantic & Pacific • military protection of territories • trade & economic value would increase

23. Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”. Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”

24. ***When Colombia refused to ratify the agreement allowing construction of the Panama Canal, TR saw his chance to brandish the Big Stick of American might, actively encouraging a revolt in Central America. PANAMA CANAL • Hay-Paunceforte Treaty overturns the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and allows the U.S. to build a canal and fortify it. (1901) • A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. • We bought the rights from French engineer Philippe Bunau-Varilla

25. PANAMA CANAL • Bunau-Varilla took advantage of the tension and organized a revolt of Panamanians against Colombia on Nov. 3, 1903, declaring their independence. • The U.S. navy prevented Colombian troops from crossing the isthmus to put down the rebellion • Three days after the start of the rebellion, TR officially recognized the new country • Fifteen days later, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, now the Panamanian minister, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, guaranteeing and expanding U.S. rights to build the canal

26. Roosevelt picture at canal PANAMA CANAL • Roosevelt at the canal • Important to the destiny of the US • $400 million to build • Began in 1904 and completed by 1914 • Army engineer George Goethals organized the construction. • Dr. Walter Reed found ways to deal with yellow fever

28. PANAMA CANAL • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty • Recognized Panama as an independent nation after Revolution with Columbia • Eventually Panama would regain the Canal zone. • Jan. 1, 2000, the canal zone belongs to Panama

29. Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary ***In the late 19th century, many Latin American were defaulting on their debts to foreign investors. In his December 1904 message to Congress, TR added his Roosevelt Corollaryto the Monroe Doctrine. IfLatin American countries continued to default, the U.S. would pay off their debts, take over their customshouses, and keep the European creditors on their side of the Atlantic ***In short, TR explained that it is in the best interest of the United States to intervene in nations whose political stability is threatened ***Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was put into action in 1905, when the Dominican Republic had defaulted on its debt payments. The United States took over the management of tariff collections, a move formalized in a treaty two years later

30. Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War RUSSO JAPANESE WAR • Roosevelt acted as the mediator between the two warring nations • Concerned about US self interest: • Japanese expansion • Open Door Policy • Philippines • Wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

31. PORTSMOUTH TREATY • Japan controls some of the territorial gains from the war. • Russia and Japan would split Sakhalin Island • Japanese agreement to stop fighting and expanding • Secret agreement between Roosevelt and Japan over Korea and free trade. (Japan formally annexes Korea in 1910) • Japan rivals the US for dominance in the South Pacific. • US relations between Russia and Japanese decrease. Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War

32. Roosevelt Corollary The Great White Fleet: 1907-1908 ***Japan’s emergence as a world power after its defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 motivated President Roosevelt to send the Great White Fleet of Navy warships on a fourteen month world tour ***Part of his goal in the voyage of the Great White Fleet was to demonstrate America’s ability to defend its international interests

33. Roosevelt Corollary • FOREIGN POLICY WITH JAPAN • Keep good relations with Japan and prevent war. • Countries feared Japan because they were the power in the Pacific along with the US. • TR entered into two diplomatic agreements with Japan to prevent the possibility of war. • Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907 • ***As part of the 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan, President Roosevelt agreed to ask San Francisco to halt its’ school systems segregation of Japanese students in exchange for Japan limiting the number of passports issued to laborers seeking to enter the United States • Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908 • Both governments agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, defend the Open Door policy and the integrity and independence of China. They resolved to develop their commerce in East Asia and to respect each other's territorial possessions there.

35. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Roosevelt’s successor, President William H. Taft, used the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. This use of American power was called dollar diplomacy.

36. Dollar Diplomacy in Action • ***The goal of Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy was to create stability abroad for the benefit of U.S. commercial interests. • When a rebellion in Nicaragua left the country nearly bankrupt in 1911, President Taft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan Nicaragua money to pay of its debts to foreign creditors. • Bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua’s customs duties • Bankers also gained control of the country’s railroad system and national bank. • When Nicaragua’s citizens rose up in revolt over their president Aldolfo Diaz’s dealings with America, Taft sent 2,000 marines to put down the rebellion. • A number of marines remained in Nicaragua until 1933.

37. Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy • President Wilson hated both Taft’s dollar diplomacy and imperialism in general • he would end special support to American investors in Latin America and China. • Said the U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government that it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. • A revolution would put Wilson’s foreign policy to the test.

38. Mayhem in Mexico • 1911- Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew the countries dictator of over three decades, Porfirio Diaz. • Diaz had encouraged foreign investments in his country. By 1911, foreigners owned a large share of Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches. While politicians grew rich off this investment, most Mexicans were extremely poor. • While the revolutionary leader Madero promised democratic reforms, he was unable to keep his promises.

39. Mayhem in Mexico • 1913- General Victoriano Huerta took over the government, and his supporters ruthlessly murdered Madero within days. U.S. President Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s “government of butchers,”

40. Mayhem in Mexico • 1914- A small party of American sailors was arrested in April, bringing Mexico and the U.S. desperately close to war. • While the Mexicans released the prisoners, they refused an Aemrican admiral’s demand for a twenty-one gun salute. • President Wilson used the incident as a precedent to act against Huerta. He asked Congress for the permission to use force. • Before Congress could act, Wilson ordered the navy to seize Mexico’s port city of Veracruz. • At least 18 Americans and 200 Mexicans died during the invasion. • To avoid war, the countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile stepped in to mediate an end to the conflict, proposing that Huerta step down and U.S. withdraw its troops and pay for damages. • Huerta rejected the plan, and Wilson refused to recognize his government

41. Mayhem in Mexico • 1915- Huerta’s regime collapsed and a nationalist leader, Venustiano Carranza, became president of Mexico. • Wilson withdrew U.S. troops and formally recognized the Carranza government. • Mexican rebels led by Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata, rose to challenge Carranza’s government and to punish gringos (whites) in Mexico… and beyond.

42. Mayhem in Mexico • 1916- In January, Villa’s men took sixteen young American engineers off a train in northern Mexico and ruthlessly murdered them. • Two months later, a group of Villa’s men crossed the U.S. border into Columbia, New Mexico and murdered another 19 Americans. The U.S. held Villa personally responsible. • President Wilson sent Genmeral John J. Pershing and 15,000 U.S. forces into Mexico to capture or kill Villa • Wilson also called out 150,000 National Guardsmen to the Mexican border • In June, clashes between U.S. and Mexican troops led to deaths on both sides • By the end of the year, American forces had failed to capture Villa and the two countries were at an impasse

44. Mexico in Mayhem • 1917- In January, with the threat of the U.S. being drawn into the Great War in Europe over German aggression, Wilson ordered Pershing and his troops home.