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U.S. Transitions in Cuba and the Philippines

Lessons of History. U.S. Transitions in Cuba and the Philippines. Mr. Lou DiMarco Department of Military History U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Cuban Stability Operations 1898-1902. End State: Independent Cuba or Annexation? Means: Military Government Ways:

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U.S. Transitions in Cuba and the Philippines

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  1. Lessons of History U.S. Transitions in Cuba and the Philippines Mr. Lou DiMarco Department of Military History U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

  2. Cuban Stability Operations 1898-1902 • End State: Independent Cuba or Annexation? • Means: Military Government • Ways: • Occupation 1899 • Gen Brooke Governorship • Gen Wood Governorship • Economic Obstacles • Constitution and the Platt Amendment 1901 • Independence 1902 Failure and Reoccupation 1906

  3. Example of Stability Lines of Effort US Army FM 3-07 (2008) END STATE Establish Civil Security Safe / Secure Environment Support to Governance Established Rule of Law Restore Essential Services Social Well-Being Establish Civil Control Stable Democracy Support to Economic/ Infrastructure Dev Sustainable Economy

  4. Cuban Stability Operations 1898-1902 National Rural Guard Established Provincial / Municipal Police Forces Demobilize Cuban Insurrection Army Occupation Forces Arrive Establish Civil Security General Leonard Wood Military Governor Suffrage Guidance Provincial Mil Governors Platt Amendment Support to Governance General Robert Brooke Mil Governor Establish Control of Revenue Service Judicial Reform Prov. Governors Stand-down Yellow Fever Board Restore Essential Services Renovate Telegraph Sys Postal Service Est. National Elections National Sanitation Program National Census Conducted Constitutional Assembly Establish Civil Control Indigenous Government Cabinet Est. Railroad Funding Approved 1st Provincial Elections 2d Provincial Elections Transition From Mil Gov to President Support to Economic/ Infrastructure Dev Teacher Training Program Harbor Dredging / Light Houses Forincker Amendment Road Construction / Public Works Schools Built Failure to Achieve Trade Agreement 1899 1900 1901 1902

  5. Philippine Stability Operations 1898-1946 • End State: Annexation… • U.S. Territory? • Statehood? • Independence? • Means: Civil Administration / Military Occupation • Ways: • Conventional War 1899-1900 • Insurgent War 1901-1902 (police and military forces) • Military Governor 1899-1901 • Civil Governor beginning 1901 • Moro Insurgency 1900 - 1906 • Civil Government 1907,1917, 1935 • Commonwealth Established 1935 • Independence 1946

  6. 1946 1946 1934 1916 1907 1902 1899 Philippine Stability Operations 1898-1946 U.S. Occupation Forces Arrive War Betw U.S. and Filipino Forces Philippine Army formed 1936 Japanese Occupation Independence Admiral Dewey Victory Philippine Constabulary Established Filipino Cdr Appt Insurrection Ends Establish Civil Security Aquinaldo Captured General Amnesty Constabulary School Est GovTaft 1901 99 Year U.S. Basing Gov. Wright Appointed 1904 Support to Governance Senate Annexes Philippines Last US Gov Tydings-McDuffie Act Philippine Com. Legislature Judicial Reform New Organic Law Restore Essential Services Aquinald Declares Independence Presidential Elections Commonwealth Reestablished Lower House Elected 1935 Commonwealth Established Senate Elected Independence Establish Civil Control Independence Promised Parity Amendment to Const. 1947 Constitution Approved Support to Economic/ Infrastructure Dev Education Reform English Official Lang Monetary Reform 1942-1944

  7. Early Twentieth Century Occupation OperationsDominating Issues Domestic U.S. politics and policy Civil Administration versus Military Administration The Influence of Insurgency Importance of Economics Importance of Culture Timelines (slow versus long)

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