HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences

1. HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences Audio Seminar! Please be sure your speakers are on!

2. Agenda • Review of unit project • Key Terms • Critique of an interview

3. Personal Goal for Seminars • Create community of shared learners • Provide a summary of material from the week • Answer questions; clarify information as needed HAVE FUN!

4. Key Terms • Qualitative Research Designs • Case Study • Ethnography • Phenomenological Study • Grounded Theory Study • Content Analysis

5. Key Terms • Research Methods for Qualitative Designs • Observation • Interviews • Questionnaires • Open-ended questions • Fixed alternative questions

6. Unit 6 Project: Questionnaire • Two Parts • Cover letter and questionnaire • Discussion of data collection method • You might want to try Survey Monkey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:yahoo • Free and fun to use!

7. Organization of Questionnaires • Create introductory material to increase response rate • Cover letter • Introductory statement • Thank respondents for participating • Use descriptive title • Ensure question order does not influence responses • Use instructions throughout questionnaire to minimize respondent confusion • Craft questions so they are easy to complete • Include open space • Use numbers to designate response choices

8. Unit 6 Questionnaire Cover letter • Write for expected participants • Be clear and to the point • Identify purpose of questionnaire to • Enhance likelihood of completion • Add to the credibility of the project • Be concise. You want them to move on to complete the questionnaire!

9. Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section • Appropriate for ethnology research What is ethnography research?

10. Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section • Appropriate for ethnology research • Qualitative research • Studies an intact cultural group • Conducted in a natural setting • Focuses on a period of time How could an ethnography study affect the development of a questionnaire?

11. Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section • How an ethnography study affect the development of a questionnaire • Cultural sensitivity needed • Potential language barriers • Reluctance to be truthful • Because of cultural mores may feel they cannot refuse

12. Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section • Appropriate for ethnology research • 10-15 questions (no more) including: • 2 fixed alternative questions with only 2 potential answers • 5 fixed alternative questions with 4-5 potential answers • 1 open-ended question • Other questions for a minimum of 10 questions; maximum of 15 questions

13. Basic Principles of Writing Survey Questions • Avoid confusing phrasing & jargon • Use correct grammar and spelling • Be concise, but clear. Use shorter rather than longer words & sentences • Relate questions to the purpose of the questionnaire See Research Process PowerPoint Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires for many hints!

14. Types of Questions Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

15. Types of Questions Open-Ended Fixed Alternative Allow respondent to fill in own answer • May ask for specific information or • May ask for narrative response • Respondent says/writes whatever he/she wants

16. Types of Questions Open-Ended Fixed Alternative Allow respondent to fill in own answer • May ask for specific information or • May ask for narrative response • Respondent says/writes whatever he/she wants • Respondent chooses from list of possible responses • May also be called • Fixed choice questions • Forced choice questions

17. Examples of Types of Questions Open-Ended Fixed Alternative What is your annual income? Check appropriate box: • no income • Less than $5000 • $5001 - $20,000 • More than $20,000

18. Must have mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories Exhaustive=all possible choices included Exclusive=only one possible response Fixed Alternative Questions

19. Exhaustive=all possible choices included Which example is exhaustive? How many times have you visited a doctor in the last year? 0 1-2 3-5 6-10 11 or more Fixed Alternative Questions • 1-2 • 2-3 • 3-4 • 5 • 6

20. Exclusive=only one possible response Which example is exclusive? How many times have you visited a doctor in the last year? 0 1-2 3-5 6-10 11 or more Fixed Alternative Questions • 1-2 • 2-3 • 3-4 • 5 • 6

21. Likert “Questions” • Usually framed as declarative statements – not questions • Describe intensity of feeling/belief/opinion • With or without an explicitly measured neutral point in the center 1 2 3 4 Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree No Disagree Strongly Agree Opinion Disagree

22. Ethical Issues Related to Questionnaires

23. Ethical Issues Related to Questionnaires • Dealing with Sensitive Subjects • Self-report • No identifying information • Web-based studies • Researcher cannot guarantee absolute anonymity of web survey • Harm • Most harm in survey research arises from breach of confidentiality • Some surveys may cause psychological harm

24. Unit 6 Questionnaire Part 2 • Analyze how you would conduct your survey • Approximately 1 page + title page and reference page • Use Standard English • Use APA format with citations and references

25. Methods to conduct a Questionnaire

26. Methods to conduct a Questionnaire • Telephone • Internet • Mail • Self administered question given in a group of people • Face to face Interview More information in Research Process Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires!

27. Interviews v. Questionnaires • Interviews • Structured • Unstructured • Semi-Structured • Questionnaires • Written questions with response area • No opportunity to clarify meaning of questions

28. Face to Face Interviews Pros Cons

29. Face to Face Interviews Pros Cons • Rapport - increases completion rates • Meaning explained that is not clear • Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions

30. Face to Face Interviews Pros Cons • Rapport - increases completion rates • Meaning explained that is not clear • Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions • Time consuming • Expensive • Respondent might give answer that she/he expects will please interviewer

31. Let’s have Some Fun!Web Field Trip • Use two windows • DO NOT CLOSE the seminar!!! • Go to http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=health+interview&ei=UTF-8&fr=att-portal&vid=0001147179657 What type of interview is this? Structured? Unstructured? Semi-structured? Explain your answer!

32. Web Field Trip • Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?

33. Web Field Trip • Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? • Were questions focused rather than abstract?

34. Web Field Trip • Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? • Were questions focused rather than abstract? • Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?

35. Web Field Trip • Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? • Were questions focused rather than abstract? • Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers? • Do you think the interview was effective?

36. Web Field Trip • Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? • Were questions focused rather than abstract? • Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers? • Do you think the interview was effective? • Would the interview prompt you to learn more about the person interviewed? About what?

37. Your Experience • How are questionnaires used in your area of health science? • How are interviews used? • Have you ever created a questionnaire? Please share your experience! • With what type do you think you would be most comfortable: creating a questionnaire or conducting an interview? Explain your answer!

38. Why are Surveys used in Health Science? • Easy to complete • Many people find them enjoyable and readily participate • Standardized answers are easier to analyze

39. Scientific Research Process Step 4c. Research Methods • Data Collection tools, such as • Experiments • Surveys & Interviews • Naturalistic Observation • Correlation • Case studies • Other methods • More than one method can be used in a single study

40. Questions? • Unit Questions link • AOL instant message: proflpburch • Email: lburch2@kaplan.edu • Phone if an emergency: 757-339-7494

41. Coming Attractions: Unit 7 • Seminar: Helping Dr. Iwant T. Know develop a a sampling plan • Discussion: Analysis of various Descriptive designs

42. HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences Thanks for Participating!