By Gretel D’Souza, Claude D’Netto, Mandy Grewal, and Anu Kakkar

1. The Respiratory System By Gretel D’Souza, Claude D’Netto, Mandy Grewal, and Anu Kakkar

4. The Upper Respiratory System • Nose • Nasal Cavity • Pharynx

5. The Nose • Body’s first line of defense against contaminants in the air • Hairs, called cilia, inside the nose filter out particulate matter contained in air entering the nose

6. The Nasal Cavity • Body’s second line of defense against foreign material trying to enter the respiratory system • Nasal cavity lining is coated by mucus which filters out particles that are too small to be picked up by hairs in the nose • Incoming air is warmed and moistened as is passes through the nasal cavity • Outgoing air gives up its heat and water vapor

7. The Pharynx • Incoming air passes out of the nasal cavity into the pharynx, where it is further purified and filtered to eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals

8. The Lower Respiratory System • Larynx • Trachea and Bronchi • Lungs • Diaphragm

9. The Larynx • Marks the beginning of the lower respiratory system • Provides us with a means of speech • Passes purified air into the trachea • Larynx prevents food and drink from entering the trachea

11. The Trachea and Bronchi • Often called the windpipe because air flows through it into the bronchi • Trachea is a bit more than 4 in. long • Bronchi start at about shoulder level • As they move into the lungs, they become smaller • Bronchioles are somewhat like capillaries • Get smaller as they extend deeper into the lungs, eventually reaching a diameter of about half a millimeter • Incoming air passes from the bronchi to the lungs

12. The Lungs • The apex is the tip of the right lung that points upward • The bottom part of the right lung, called the base, rests on top of the diaphragm • The left lung is almost identical, except for an indentation on its inner side to accommodate the heart

13. The Lungs Cont. • The air flows through the bronchioles and branches off into tiny passageways and sacs, called alveoli (singular alveolus) • Alveoli receive oxygen from the air so that it can be picked up by the blood in the capillaries associated with them

14. The Diaphragm • Located at the very bottom of the respiratory system • Initiates the breathing process • When the diaphragm moves downward, the partial vacuum thus formed draws air into the lungs • When it pushes upward, air is expelled from the lungs

15. Structure and Function

16. Alveoli • Singular: alveolus • From the latin word alveus “trough” • Small cavities in which oxygen is removed from the air delivered by the bronchioles.

17. Apex • Latin: tip • Word used to describe the upper tip of each lung

18. Base • Common English word • Word used to describe the bottom of each lung

19. Bronchi • Singular: bronchus • Latin: windpipe • Tubes (right and left) branching off from the trachea and into the lungs

20. Bronchiole • From the Latin word bronchiolus “small windpipe” • Very small branches of bronchi that extend into the lungs

21. Diaphragm • From the Greek word diaphragma “partition” • Muscular partition at the base of the thoracic cavity

22. Phrenic • Phren/o- diaphragm; -ic (adjective suffix) • Adjective referring to the diaphragm; synonymous with diaphragmatic

23. Epiglottis • Epi- outside; glottis- opening of the windpipe • A mucous membrane covered leaf shaped piece of the cartilage at the root of the tongue

24. Larynx • Vocal cords; voice box

25. Nasal • Nas/o- nose; -al (adjective suffix) • Adjective referring to the nose

26. Pharynx • Greek word meaning “throat” • Passageway just below the nasal cavity and mouth

27. Pulmonary • From the latin word “pulmo” (lung) • Adjective frequently used to modify another term in or associated with the lungs

28. Trachea • From the Greek word “tracheia” meaning rough • windpipe

29. Surgical Procedures

30. Bronchoplasty: Surgical repair of the bronchus • Bronchorrhapy: Suturing of the bronchus • Bronchotomy: Incision into a bronchus

31. Laryngectomy: Excision of the larynx • Laryngoplasty: Surgical repair of the larynx • Laryngotomy: Incision into the larynx

32. Pharyngoplasty: Surgical repair of the pharynx • Pharyngotomy: Incision into the pharynx

33. Pneumonectomy: Removal of the pulmonary lobes from a lung • Pneumonopexy: Surgical fixation of a lung • Pneumonorraphy: Suturing of a lung • Pneumonotomy: Incision into a lung

34. Rhinoplasty: Surgery performed on the nose • Rhinotomy: Surgical incision into the nose

35. Sinusotomy: Incision into a sinus • Tracheoplasty: Surgical repair of the trachea • Tracheotomy: Incision into the trachea for the purpose of restoring airflow to the lungs

36. Practice and Practitioners

37. Laryngology: Branch of the medical study concerned with the larynx and diagnosis and treatment of its diseases • Rhinology: Branch of medical study concerned with the nose and diagnosis and treatment of its diseases • Rhinologist: One who specializes in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal conditions of the nose

38. More Terms More Terms

39. Atelectasis • Reduction or absence of air in part or all of a lung, resulting in loss of lung volume

40. Pertussis • An acute infectious inflammation of larnyx, trachea, and bronchi caused by Brodetella pertussis

41. Tuberculosis • Disease caused by presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most commonly affecting the lungs