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Senior University, Winter 2008 Session 6. Scientific Explanations should be as simple as possible, but not too simple Albert Einstein. “History is so indifferently rich that a case
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Senior University, Winter 2008 Session 6 Scientific Explanations should be as simple as possible, but not too simple Albert Einstein
“History is so indifferently rich that a case for almost an conclusion from it can be made by a selection of instances” Will and Ariel Durant, “The Lessons of History”
Where We’ve Been Heading: The last 3000 years Geology Mining Natural Philosophy Geology History World Eurasia Europe/Asia UK USA 0 1000 500 500 1000 1500 2000 Egypt et al Greece Rome Hinduism Religion Confucianism Judaism Christianity Bible Islam Buddhism
Geology through Human History Review from Session 5 1775 to 1875 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1800 1900 2000 1882 Charles Blanchard President of College
Geology: 1774 to 1875 New Geological Knowledge that challenged historical interpretations of the Bible Darwin: Humans=high animals, great age Lyell: predictable rates of change Hutton: Many floods Smith: fossils, great ages 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Uniformitarianism 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1800 1900 2000 1882 Charles Blanchard President of College
Plate Tectonics Geology in the Last 150 Years Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000
Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Paleontology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 More Geology Conflicting with Historical Biblical Interpretations
Continental Drift: Alfred Wegener Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000
Alfred Wegener, 1880 to 1930 German Meteorologist Continental Drift Proposal 290 Million Years Ago 37 Million Years Ago
Continental Drift North America through the Ages
Map Reconstruction of Geologic History Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000
The Stratigraphic Column Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment
Paleo-Geographic Maps Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment The Stratigraphic Column
Isopach Maps Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment The Stratigraphic Column Paleo-Geographic Maps
Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment Subsurface Maps Geosynclines Gulf of Mexico Geosyncline
Subsurface Cross Sections Gulf of Mexico Geosyncline New Orleans Sun City Gulf of Mexico Geosyncline
“Absolute” Age Dating of Rocks Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000
J. Laurence Kulp research in radiometric dating included :-- Potassium-argon dating[6][7]- Rubidium-strontium dating[8]- Uranium-lead dating[9]- Carbon-14[10]
Geochemistry: Absolute Age Dating Radio Active Age Dating Radioactive Decay of Uranium 238
Geologic Time: “How old is our earth?” 1658 Bishop Ussher: 6000 years 1785 James Hutton: 30 to 50 million years 1830 Sir Charles Lyell: 80 million years Lord Kelvin, 24 to 40 million years (heat flow) 1899 John Joly, 90 million years (sea salts) 1947 to 1960 Radioactivity, 4.8 BILLION YEARS OLD!! Future ??????
Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Geophysical Subsurface Imaging
Geophysics: Subsurface Imaging Sea Level 20,000 feet
Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Plate Tectonics: Ultimate Historical Geology
Maurice Ewing, 1906 to 1974, Geophysicist, Lamont Geological Observatory Columbia University, New York Lamont, NY Woods Hole, Mass Scripps , CA
Geologic Time Diagram Mississippian time
Mississippian Time 340 million years ago Mountain Range due to Plate Collisions Scandinavia Mountain Range due to Loading England Crushed & Melted into mountain range France Spain
200 Million Years of Continental Destruction & Renewal 300 million years ago Pennsylvanian time
North America: Northward Drift during Pennsylvanian Time Pennsylvanian Time 300 million years ago Mississippian Time 340 million years ago Texas at equator Greenland rotating counter clockwise
West Texas Permian Basin Pennsylvanian Geosyncline in front of growing mountains
Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Paleontology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Geology Conflicting with Literal Readings of Biblical account of Creation & Noah’s Flood
Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD Geological Conclusions: The Young Earth: Created by God in 4004 BC Worldwide Flood: 2348 BC Humans: Finale of God’s living Creation
Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD Geological Conclusions: The Young Earth: Created by God in 4004 BC Worldwide Flood: 2348 BC Humans: Finale of God’s living Creation
Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD Geological Interpretations The Young Earth: Created by God in 4004 BC The Old Earth: 4.5 billion years old Worldwide Flood: 2348 BC Many “worldwide floods Humans: Finale of God’s living Creation Humans current top of Homo sapiens tree
View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD “Young Earth” Response 1. Majority: Ignore Science 2. Vocal Few: Uniformitarianism is invalid! God set aside natural laws to accomplish His Purpose 3. Noah’s Flood produced all geology
George McCready Price (1870–1963) Young Earth Advocate Early 20th Century The New Geology (1923), a 726 page college textbook Largely ignored as Illogical & unscientific George McCready Price, left
Late 20th Century Institute for Creation Research Our Mission ICR equips believers with evidence of the Bible's accuracy and authority through scientific research, educational programs, and media presentations, all conducted within a thoroughly biblical framework
Institute for Creation Research Vocal Young Earth Advocates since 1970 ICR began as the research division of Christian Heritage College, now known as San Diego Christian College. The heart of ICR and the vision of our late founder, Dr. Henry M. Morris, is to conduct scientific research and gather evidences in support of biblical truth, especially on the issue of origins.
Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD View Two: The Bible is the Inerrant WORD of GOD Stories of Old Testament may be myths, Legends, etc Geological Conclusions: Creation 4.5 billion years ago acceptable to many Noah’s Flood one of many through time Humans: Finale of God’s “evolutionary” Creation
Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD View Two: The Bible is the Inerrant WORD of GOD Stories of Old Testament may be myths, Legends, etc View Three: The Bible contains the WORD of GOD Varying amounts of Bible are words of Man Geology embraced Many holding views One and Two appalled at possible dilution of the Biblical Message
Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD View Two: The Bible is the Inerrant WORD of GOD Stories of Old Testament may be myths, Legends, etc View Three: The Bible contains the WORD of GOD Varying amounts of Bible are words of Man View Four: Bible Impressive Ancient Literature Not relevant to physical sciences
The Unfortunate current use of Intelligent Design Intelligent Design used by both the Media & Young Earth Advocates Since a “Young” Earth required discarding all Scientific evidence, it cannot be either intelligent or by Design. Dbeau 2008 “If young earth is true, it is the most cruel joke that a so-called benevolent Creator could make On Humans” Dr. J. Laurence Kulp
The Unfortunate current use of Intelligent Design Intelligent Design used by both the Media & Young Earth Advocates Intelligent Design is said to imply great complexity. In Reality natural design, though complex, is extremely simple in function. Dbeau, 2008
Scientific Explanations should be as simple as possible, but not too simple Albert Einstein In Reality natural design, though complex, is extremely simple in function. Dbeau, 2008 For Example: The Earth’s Living Crust
Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics defined from 1950 to 1970 Unifying Theory in Geology
The Earth’s Two Crustal Types Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Oceanic Crust Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust: dark colored dense rocky top of the mantle about 5 miles thick