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From Al-Khwarizmi to Johannes Kepler

From Al-Khwarizmi to Johannes Kepler. 800 years long journey explained. By: Bilal Karim Mughal. Tycho Brahe. 14 Dec 1546 – 24 Oct 1601 Danish nobleman Known for accurate planetary observations Refuted Aristotle and Ptolemy’s theories about the Universe. Tycho Brahe.

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From Al-Khwarizmi to Johannes Kepler

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  1. From Al-Khwarizmi to Johannes Kepler 800 years long journey explained. By: Bilal Karim Mughal

  2. Tycho Brahe • 14 Dec 1546 – 24 Oct 1601 • Danish nobleman • Known for accurate planetary observations • Refuted Aristotle and Ptolemy’s theories about the Universe.

  3. Tycho Brahe • In November, 1572, Tycho Brahe observed the Supernova SN1572 • Built an observatory “Uraniborg” in 1576

  4. Tycho Brahe • Presented Geo-Heliocentric explanation of the Solar System • Prepared detailed star charts with accurate timings, without any telescope. • Achieved supreme accuracy in predicting the positions of celestial bodies

  5. Johannes Kepler • Dec 27, 1571 – Nov 15, 1630 • German Mathematician, Astronomer, and Astrologer • Famous for his Laws of Planetary Motion.

  6. Johannes Kepler • Worked as Tycho Brahe’s assistant for 2 years • Tycho did not trust Kepler, allowed him little access to his data • Tycho Brahe asked him to develop an explanation of the Solar System

  7. Johannes Kepler • Tycho never believed the Planets to be orbiting the Sun. • Kepler was unable to match this with Geometrical Models. • Finally in 1609, Kepler gave Laws of Planetary Motion, describing that the Planets orbit the Sun.

  8. The Question • Was it purely the work of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler that led to the current understanding of the Solar System?

  9. Era of Muslim Scientists • Spans over 600 years. • Significant improvements in Geometry and Mathematics. • Development of more sophisticated instruments like Sextant, Astrolabe.

  10. Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi • 780 – 850 C.E • Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer • Developed the Tables for movements of Sun, Moon and 5 planets in 830. A.D

  11. Muhammad Ibn Jabir Al Battani • 858 – 929 C.E • Determined the value of Solar day to be 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds. • Made significant advances in Trigonometry.

  12. Abd al-Rehman Al Sufi • December 7, 903 – May 25, 986 • Wrote “The Book of Fixed Stars” in 964 • Observed and described the Stars, their magnitudes, and their positions

  13. Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi • 940 – 1000 C.E • Persian Mathematician, Astronomer • Accurately computed the tilt of the Earth’s axis to be (23.53°) in 994 A.D

  14. Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni • 973 – 1048 C.E • Believed the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun • Wrote 35 treatises on Astronomy

  15. Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni  • Calculated the circumference of Earth • Believed in spherical Earth therefore • Also discovered that gravity exists within the heavenly bodies

  16. Ibn al-Haytham • 965 – 1040 C.E • Proposed the Earth's rotation  on its axis in  The Model of the Motions

  17. Abu Said al-Sijzi • 945 – 1020 C.E • Persian Mathematician, Astronomer • Suggested for the first time, the heliocentric system, in which Planets orbit the Sun • Al-Biruni agreed with his ideas

  18. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi • 1201 – 1274 C.E • Built an observatory at Maragha • Made accurate tables of planetary motions • Calculated the Precession of Equinoxes

  19. Mirza Muhammad Tariq Ulugh Beg • 1394 – 1449 C.E • In 1424 built an observatory at Samarkand • Found the values of trigonometric tables up to 8 decimal places • Determined the Earth’s axial tilt to be 23.52 degrees

  20. Mirza Muhammad Tariq Ulugh Beg • Calculated the value of Sidereal year to be 365d, 6h, 10m, 8s (only 62 seconds more than the present estimation)

  21. Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibnMa'ruf • 1526 – 1585 C.E • Built an observatory at Istanbul • Wrote 33 treatises on Astronomy

  22. Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibnMa'ruf • Paved the way for the transfer of Islamic knowledge to the West • Developed an Astronomical Catalogue more accurate than Nicolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe • Final astronomer of Muslim Era

  23. Conclusion • Tycho Brahe was the champion in observations • Kepler was successful in presenting the true image of Solar System • But the real pioneers of it were Muslim scientists of Medieval times who had researched for more than 400 years and had founded the base for Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

  24. References • Dictionary of Scientific Biography (1970) • Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science by Regis Morelon and RushdiRashed • The Touch of Midas: Science, Values and Environment in Islam and the West by M.A Kettani • Astronomy and Mathematics by Carra de Vaux

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