HIST 207 – 2009 Part 1 MODERN HISTORY KOÇ UNIVERSITY PROF. ZAFER TOPRAK ata .boun.tr

1. HIST 207 – 2009 Part 1 MODERN HISTORY KOÇ UNIVERSITY PROF. ZAFER TOPRAK www.ata.boun.edu.tr

2. GLOBAL HISTORY The course puts the phenomenon of globalization into historical perspective and introduces students to the big themes and questions that arise from global perspectives on the past. It covers globalization as a set of processes that operate simultaneously and unevenly on several historical levels and in various dimensions.

3. Emphasis is given to the political, economic, social, and cultural changes that transformed Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. Europe has been characterized by extraordinary waves of transformation: From colonialism / imperialism to decolonization, alongside increasing cultural & ethnic diversity; from division between capitalism and communism, between dictatorship &democracy, to a striking convergence of socioeconomic & political systems.

4. Course Requirements: Grading will be as follows: 1) a) attendance: 15 % b) pop quizzes: 15 % 2)      mid-term exam: 35% 3)      final exam: 35% 100 %

5. Week I: Globalization a new phenomenon Manfred B. Steger “Is globalization a new phenomenon ? in Globalization – A Very Short Introduction, OUP, 203, s. 17-36 “The economic dimension of globalization,” ibid., s. 37-55. “The political dimension of globalization,” ibid., s. 56-69-68.

6. Week II: Overseas Expansion and Imperialism Jürgen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson, “1750-1880 Imperialism, Industrialization, and Free Trade,” chapter in Globalization: A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 57-80.

7. Week III: Global Capitalism and Global Crises Jürgen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson, “1880-1945: Global Capitalism and Global Crises,” chapter in Globalization: A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 81-111.

8. Week IV: Globalization Split in Two Jürgen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson, “1945 to Mid-1970s: Globalization Split in Two,” chapter in Globalization: A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 113-139.

9. Week V: World Economy in the Twentieth Century Rondo Cameron, “Overview of the World Economy in the Twentieth Century,” chapter in A Concise Economic History of the World, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp.322-344.

10. Week VI: Deglobalization or Economic Disintegration Rondo Cameron, “International Economic Disintegration,” chapter in A Concise Economic History of the World, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp.345-368.

11. Week VII: Rebuilding the World Economy Rondo Cameron, “Rebuilding the World Economy,” chapter in A Concise Economic History of the World, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 369-395.

12. Review Session Mid-Term Exam Week VIII: Laissez-faire system before World War I “Europe’s Laissez-faire system and its impact before World War I,” chapter in An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 10-41. .

13. Week IX: Decline of laissez-faire and the rise of the regulated market Decline of laissez-faire and the rise of the regulated market system,” chapter in An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 42-91.

14. Week X: Economic dirigisme in authoritarian-fascist regimes “Economic dirigisme in authoritarian-fascist regimes,” chapter in An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 92-132.

15. Week XI: The centrally planned economic system “The centrally planned economic system,” chapter in An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 133-189.

16. Week XII: Mixed economy and welfare state “Mixed economy and welfare in an integrated post-World War II Western Europe,” chapter in An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 190-262.

17. Week XIII: The Era of Globalization “Globalization: Return to laissez-faire ?” chapter in An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 263-326.

18. Week XIV: Challenges to globalism Manfred B. Steger “The Ideological dimension of globalization,” in Globalization – A Very Short Introduction, OUP, 203, s. 93-112 “Challenges to globalism,” ibid., s. 113-135. FINAL EXAM

19. GLOBALIZATION AND HISTORY Globalization is international integration. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society.

20. Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies & exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.

21. Globalization in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together.

22. Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment [FDI], capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.

23. Globalization is an uneven process, meaning that people living in various parts of the world are affected very differently by this gigantic transformation of social structures and cultural zones.

24. One defining characteristic of the process: Movement towards greater interdependence & integration. This process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political forces.

25. “Globalization compresses the time and space aspects of social relations.” James Mittelman

26. “Globalization can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.” Anthony Giddens

27. Scholars not only hold different views with regard to proper definitions of globalization, they also disagree on its scale, causation, chronology, impact, trajectories, and policy outcomes.

28. The word "globalization" has been used by economists since 1981; however, its concepts did not permeate popular consciousness until the later half of the 1990s.

29. Various social scientists have tried to demonstrate continuity between contemporary trends of globalization and earlier periods. Globalization is viewed as a centuries-long process, tracking the expansion of human population and the growth of civilization, that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years.

30. The global integration of humankind had its beginnings under Portugueseauspices in the 15th century. .

31. The process of globalization had its origins in Europe, through the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and English territorial and maritime expansion into all habitable continents, & included the discovery and colonization of the New World.

32. Proto-globalization Early forms of globalization existed during the Roman Empire, the Parthian Empire, & the Han Dynasty, when the silk road started in China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian Empire & continued onwards towards Rome.

33. The Islamic Golden Age Muslim traders and explorers established an early global economy across the Old World resulting in a globalization of crops, trade, knowledge and technology; & later during the Mongol Empire, when there was greater integration along the Silk Road.

34. Business Phenomenon Globalization became a business phenomenon in the 17th century. The Dutch East India Company is described as the first multinational corporation. An important driver for globalization: Sharing risk through joint ownership

35. Because of the high risks involved with international trade, The Dutch East India Company became the first company in the world to share risk & enable joint ownership through the issuing of shares.

36. The First Era of Globalization Liberalization in the 19th century is The First Era of Globalization, a period characterized by rapid growth in international trade & investment, between the European imperial powers, their colonies, semi-colonial countries & United States.

37. . The Era of Colonization - Imperialism It was in this period that areas of sub-saharan Africa and the Island Pacific were incorporated into the world system.

38. The decades preceding the outbreak of World War I witnessed an era of extensive globalization. The first era of globalization during the 19th century was the rapid growth of international trade between the European imperial powers, the European colonies, and the United States.

39. Belief in the superiority of their own nation [nationalism] has supplied the mental enery required for large-scale warfare. The enormous productive capacities of the modern state [nation state] have provided the material means necessary to fight the two ‘total wars’ of the last century.

40. The End of the First Era of Globalization The First Era of Globalization began to break down at the beginning with the first World War, & collapsed during the gold standard crisis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Great Depression

41. The Era of Deglobalization - Regulation 1914-1944 The Dark Age for humanity due to World Wars I&II 1929 World Depression Protectionism [ National Economies & Economic nationalisms] & declining international economic integration

42. The Second Era of Globalization After World War II, globalization was restarted & was driven by major advances in technology, which led to lower trading costs.

43. Regulation Globalization in the era since World War II was first the result of planning by economists, business interests, & politicians who recognized the costs associated with protectionism & declining international economic integration.

44. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference (1944) & the founding of several international institutions to oversee the renewed processes of globalization, promoting growth and managing adverse consequences.

45. These were : the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) & the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

46. Globalization has been facilitated by a) advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, b) trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), then World Trade Organization (WTO) which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade.

47. Since WorldWar II, barrierstointernationaltradehavebeenconsiderablyloweredthroughinternationalagreements - (GATT). The Uruguay round (1984 to 1995) ledto a treatytocreatetheWorldTradeOrganization (WTO), tomediatetradedisputes to set up a uniform platform of trading.

48. Other bi- and multilateral trade agreements: including Maastricht Treaty in Europe & the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) They have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.

49. Three Ages of Capitalism Commercial Capitalism – Commercial Revolution 16th to mid-18th century Industrial Capitalism – Industrial Revolution Mid-18th to 1970s Financial Capitalism – Financial Revolution Late 1970s onwards

50. The Globalization of Finance The globalization of finance is one of the most striking political economy developments of post WWII era. Financial Revolution .