Chapter 21 Part 7

1. Chapter 21Part 7 The French Revolution Napoleon

2. The Empire Period 1804-1814 • December 2, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself hereditary emperor at Notre Dame • The Pope was there but did not do the crowning…Why Not? • He was looking to thwart any plans that the royalists might have to return to power • He believed that an empire was necessary for France to expand & maintain its influence in Europe

3. Napoleon • Saw himself as a liberator…freeing foreign peoples from oppressive absolutist rulers • BUT his dominance over other nations will inspire the rise of nationalism which eventually will lead to his downfall

4. The Grand Empire • Napoleon will be at war constantly beginning in 1805 • Napoleon will create the largest empire since Roman times…but it was temporary • The Empire extended from the Rhine, included Holland and present-day Belgium, the German coast to the western Baltic, and the Italian coast to Rome

5. Nepotism • Napoleon placed his favorites on the thrones of dependent satellite kingdoms: • Brother, Joseph, became King of Spain • Brother, Jerome, became King of Westphalia • Brother, Louis, became King of Holland (6 yrs.) until it was incorporated into France • His sister, Caroline, became Queen of Naples

6. The Empire • He will consolidate the German States and create the Confederation of the Rhine • Napoleon’s step-son ruled Lombardy, Venice, and Papal states • He decided not to unify Italy to prevent a future threat

7. Napoleon • Abolished Feudalism and reformed the social, political, and economic institutions in conquered areas • All countries of the Grand Empire gained some of the main principles of the French Revolution • BUT no self-government

8. At First • Napoleon was supported by the commercial and professional classes who supported the Enlightenment • BUT his oppression and exploitation eventually turned the conquered people against him

9. What oppression? • Conscription into the French army • High taxes (while taxes in France were lowered) • The Continental System: Berlin and Milan Decrees • Most believed that Napoleon ended up betraying the ideals of the French Revolution

10. The War of the Third Coalition1805-1807 • The Third Coalition: Britain, Austria, Russia • After Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria was concerned about the threat to the balance of power in Europe • As early as 1803 Napoleon began plans to invade England

11. 1805 • The Battle of Trafalgar The combined French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the British navy (Horatio Nelson was killed here) • Planned invasion of Britain was no longer possible • The Battle of Austerlitz in Moravia. Alexander I pulled Russian troops out and Austria was forced to give up much territory in exchange for peace

12. The Third Coalition Collapsed • Napoleon now had western and central Europe • He had the Arc de Triomphe built in 1806 to commemorate his victory at Austerlitz • During Roman times, Caesars would build an arch to commemorate their victories

13. The Arc de Triomphe

14. 1806 • Napoleon defeated Prussia twice at the Battle of Jena and the Battle of Auerstadt • By 1807 Alexander I of Russia sought peace terms

15. The Treaty of Tilsit 1807 • Prussia ceded land to France (included ½ of Prussia’s population) • Russia accepted Napoleon’s dominance of Western and Central Europe • Russia agreed to accept Napoleon’s Continental System (Russia thus allied with France against England)

16. The Reorganization of Germany • The Confederation of the Rhine Napoleon consolidated the 300 sovereign states into 15 • Did not include Austria, Prussia or Saxony • Napoleon named himself “Protector” of the Confederation • The HRE was abolished

17. French Foreign Policy Undone! • Napoleon will inspire German Nationalism through his dominance and repression AND they were now less divided than before

18. The Continental System • To wage economic warfare against Britain • Both Countries came to a stalemate in 1805 with the Battles of Trafalgar and Austerlitz • Both decided to starve each other out • The Brits had the orders in Council (2) in 1806 • The French had the Continental System: the Berlin and Milan Decrees

19. The Berlin Decree • Napoleon closed continent’s ports to British ships • He had coerced Russia, Prussia, Spain, (neutral) Denmark, and Portugal to adhere to the Berlin Decree • Brits responded with The Orders in Council: Closing ports under British control to French trade and Neutral ships would be confiscated if they were on the way to trade with the continent

20. The Milan Decree • Neutral ships on the way to Britain, on the way back from Britain, or having been boarded by the Brits at sea was subject to confiscation • Both the Brits and the French violated U.S. neutral rights at sea. Eventually led to the War of 1812: Brits v the U.S. while the Brits were still fighting the French

21. The Continental System • Caused hardship in Europe and resentment against Napoleon • Imports from America were in much demand • European industries could not produce like the Brits did • The Continental System was impossible to maintain

22. The Continental System • Many of the European Bourgeoisie were ruined as a result of the lack of trade • Eastern Europeans who had little industry of their own were especially hard hit • Many could not honor their agreements with Napoleon as to supporting his Continental Sys.

23. The Peninsular War 1808-1814 • Portugal violated the Continental System and had to be taught a lesson • Napoleon sent an army through Spain to get to Portugal • The Spanish resented their “King” (Napoleon’s brother) and Napoleon’s domination

24. The Peninsular War • The Spanish waged a guerrilla war against French troops. All classes involved • The Brits sent the Duke of Wellington with troops to aid the Spanish • The Peninsular War was the first great revolt against Napoleon’s power

25. As the fighting in Spain continued • Napoleon turned against Russia • But first, married Marie Louise (18) • She was the daughter of the Austrian emperor and the niece of Marie Antionette • So, Napoleon was now nephew (by marriage) of Louis XVI and he began to show more consideration to the nobility of the Old Regime

26. The Russian Campaign 1812 • Napoleon invaded Russia in June of 1812 with an army of 600,000. • Only 2/3 of his army was French • The Russians had withdrawn from the Continental System due to economic hardship

27. The Battle of Borodino 1812 • Ended in a draw with the Russians retreating in good order • The Russians used a “scorched earth” tactic • As they retreated further into the Russian interior, they destroyed EVERYTHING so that the enemy army could not feed itself or even keep warm…they even burned Moscow down!

28. After 5 weeks • Napoleon was forced to retreat from Moscow • Napoleon returned to France with only 30,000! • 400,000 had died in battle or starved or froze to death • 100,000 had been taken prisoner

29. And then… • Napoleon, in France, raised another army: 600,000 strong • At the same time, Austria and Prussia deserted Napoleon and joined Russia and England in the Fourth Coalition • Also…remember the Treaty of Ghent?

30. The War of the Fourth Coalition • 1813-1814 • The Battle of Leipzig October 1813 • AKA The Battle of Nations • The largest battle in world history until the 20th century • Napoleon lost 500,000 but refused to accept peace terms offered by Austrian minister, Metternich

31. The Frankfort Proposals • The Peace offer was generous: • France to be reduced to its boundaries of 1792 and Napoleon could remain on the throne • Since Napoleon refused to give up, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria formed the Quadruple Alliance in March 1814

32. April 4, 1814 • Allied armies entered Paris • Napoleon abdicated • The Bourbons were restored to the French throne

33. Louis XVIII • Brother of Louis XVI • The new king issued a constitution for the French • Called the Charter of 1814 • The first constitution in European history issued by a monarch • Provided for a constitutional monarchy

34. The Charter of 1814 • Maintained most of Napoleon’s reforms: • The Code Napoleon • The Concordat of 1801 (with the Church) • The abolition of feudalism

35. The First Treaty of Paris • May 30, 1814 • France surrendered all territory gained since 1792 • No indemnities or reparations were imposed (they WERE proposed but Louis XVIII refused to pay so they let it go) • Napoleon was exiled to Elbe as a sovereign with an income from France • The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna to work out a general peace settlement

36. The Congress of Vienna • Sept. 1814-June 1815 • The Big Four: Austria, England, Russia, Prussia • What did they want?

37. England • Represented by Lord Castlereagh • Wanted to surround France with larger and stronger states in order to maintain the balance of power

38. Prussia • Wanted to get back the land lost to France in 1805 and wanted additional territory in northern Germany (Saxony)

39. Austria • Klemens von Metternich: very conservative • Was opposed to liberal and reformed ideas because the impact of such ideas on Austria would be devastating • NOTE: Austria would be particularly vulnerable to nationalistic movements because of the many different ethnicities in the Empire

40. Russia • Czar Alexander I • Demanded a “free” and “independent” Poland…with himself as king!

41. A bit later • France became involved in the deliberations • Was represented by minister Tallyrand • (remember the XYZ Affair?)

42. The Dancing Congress • Much pageantry, parties, balls, banquets • First to keep the junior diplomats busy and out of the way • Also to win support for the peace settlement from the general population…they loved broohaha

43. The Principles of Settlement: • Legitimacy • Compensation • Balance of Power

44. Legitimacy • Restore the deposed ruling families to power: • Bourbons restored to France, Spain, Naples • Dynasties restored in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany, Modena • Papal states were restored to the Pope

45. Compensation • Rewards in the form of territory to those states who sacrificed to defeat Napoleon • England got naval bases: Malta, Ceylon, Cape of Good Hope • Austria recovered Lombardy (in Italy) and got Venetia, Galicia (part of Poland), and Illyrian Provinces along the Adriatic

46. Compensation continued • Russia was given most of Poland (the Czar was King) and Finland and Bessarabia (Moldova) and western Ukraine • Prussia was given the Rhineland, 3/5 of Saxony and part of Poland • Sweden got Norway

47. Balance of Power • The effort to arrange territory so that never again would one power threaten the Balance of power • Encirclement of France: Gave the Austrian Netherlands to Holland to form the Kingdom of the United Netherlands to the north of France

48. The Balance of Power continued • Prussia received Rhenish lands bordering the eastern French frontier (the left bank of the Rhine) • Switzerland was guaranteed perpetual neutrality • The HRE was NOT restored BUT the German States were reorganized once again

49. The German Confederation • AKA the Bund…now to 39 states • With Austria the President of the Diet (assembly) of the Confederation • Maintained most of Napoleon’s reorganization • A loose confederation…the states were sovereign

50. Sardinia • Had its former territory restored with the addition of Genoa