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Chapter 21 Part 3

Chapter 21 Part 3. The French Revolution. The Age of Montesquieu continued. International Reaction to the French Revolution is mixed at first then tide turns Edmund Burke : Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)

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Chapter 21 Part 3

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  1. Chapter 21Part 3 The French Revolution

  2. The Age of Montesquieu continued International Reaction to the French Revolution is mixed at first then tide turns Edmund Burke : Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) One of the great (if not greatest) intellectual defenses of European conservatism Defended inherited privileges: especially those of the English Monarchy and Aristocracy

  3. Reflections on the Revolution in France Burke predicted anarchy followed by dictatorship in France: Moderates would lose out to radicals, French would turn to military dictator to restore order & rescue France from horrific chaos Advised England to go slow in extending liberties Eventually, Burke came to urge war as an ideological struggle against French barbarism

  4. Thomas Paine Opponent of Burke: Wrote Rights of Man in response Defended Enlightenment principles and France’s Revolution Believed revolution to be a triumph of liberty over despotism

  5. Wordsworth “Bliss it was in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven”

  6. Flight to Varrenes, June 1791 King—like other émigrés– sees handwriting on the wall and tries to escape w/ family Royal Vanity dooms plan and is captured at Varrenes Never trusted after this and puts 1791 Constitution (& his future) in jeopardy

  7. CONSTITUTION OF 1791 • Based on Separation of Powers • Constitutional Monarchy: king has veto power for four years, limited by approval by ministers • Single elected legislature • Independent hierarchy of courts • Enlightenment principles: new law code, marriage = civil contract, kept records CC had, promised free public education • Active/Passive Citizens

  8. 1791 Constitution, cont. Doomed to fail: Too radical for King, Nobles, & bourgeoisie Not radical enough for some bourgeoisie Moderates get pushed out in this situation Once Constitution is created, National Assembly disbands

  9. The Legislative Assembly (1791-1792) The new elected group of lawmakers provided for in the Constitution replaced the National Assembly No member of the National Assembly could be part of the new Leg. Assembly; Therefore: Government loses Older Cautious Intelligent M.C. Moderates, who are replaced by Younger Rash Intelligent M. C. Radicals

  10. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MAKE-UP GROUPS / FACTIONS BECOME IMMEDIATELY APPARENT NO GROUP CHANGES ITS IDEOLOGY V. MUCH (this makes for a confusing situation for understanding Political Aspects of Fr. Rev.)

  11. Jacobins “Umbrella Group”: named after their political club Came to dominate the Legislative Assembly Girondins: group within Jacobins (rural-based) became the left wing of the Revolution; will lead France into war Girondinswere passionately committed to the Revolution; wanted a Republic Other groups will soon emerge: “Mountain”, “Cordeliers”, “Enrages” all more radical in their turn

  12. Our Political Spectrum Right: Constitutional Monarchs—265 Center (Plain): 345 Left: Jacobins Continuum Shift of Radicalism:

  13. Jacobins soon persuade Plain to vote with them w/ leadership coming from Girondins Condorcet, Roland, Brissot, Vergniaud Want M.C. Republic, oppose Parisians centering world around themselves

  14. Pillnitz Declaration Aug. 1791 Emigres: French nobles who fled France lived with relatives, tried to influence foreigners to help restore the French monarchy HRE Leopold II met with Prussian King. Declared: They would invade France IF all other nations joined (which he knew they wouldn’t) Girondinssieze control of this: “Revolution could never be secure in France until it spread to the world”

  15. April 20, 1792 The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria Prussia joins Austria: Brunswick Manifesto (July 25, 1792): “If a hair on Louis XVI’s head is harmed (“by word or deed”) then Paris would witness “a model vengeance, never to be forgotten” Doesn’t frighten French, stiffens resolve War goes badly at first: losses, unorganized, defection of officers . . . France saved b/c Prussia & Austria fighting over dividing up Poland

  16. August, 1792 • The Tuileries was stormed, King flees to Nat. Assembly, was taken prisoner • Seals fate of monarchy & Constitution • This was the beginning of the “Second Revolution”

  17. The Paris Commune • A revolutionary provisional government was set up in Paris and usurped power of the Legislative Assembly • Was led by Danton who urges: “Boldness, more boldness, always boldness . . .” • Radicals successfully caused the Constitution to be suspended

  18. The Paris Commune • Ordered new elections based on universal male suffrage to summon a new national convention to give France a Republican form of government… • …Does one need a king in a republic?

  19. The September Massacres • Led by the Paris Commune • Rumors spread that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats and non-juring priests were plotting with foreign invaders • Mobs slaughtered over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats who opposed the revolutionaries’ program

  20. Most of the Revolutionaries’ foreign supporters • Were shocked by the violence • Remember U.S. History…Everyone in America (Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans) had supported the French Revolution from 1789-1793 • When it became too violent and chaotic, American Federalists withdrew their support

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