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IPv4/6

IPv4/6. Nirmala Shenoy Information Technology Department Rochester Institute of Technology. Internet Protocol. Scope IPv4 Purpose / Limitations IPv4 features IPv6 features MobileIP Integrated services in IP Differentiated services in IP. Internet Protocol. Purpose

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IPv4/6

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  1. IPv4/6 Nirmala Shenoy Information Technology Department Rochester Institute of Technology

  2. Internet Protocol • Scope • IPv4 Purpose / Limitations • IPv4 features • IPv6 features • MobileIP • Integrated services in IP • Differentiated services in IP

  3. Internet Protocol • Purpose • To connect different types of local networks • To provide universal communications • Unique addresses • To hide underlying NW technology/SW • Robust system – failures and congestion • Best effort delivery – data networks • No support for timely – reliable delivery

  4. Internet Protocol • Purpose • No support for wireless networks • Data forwarding protocols, with network ids • No error control / flow control • ICMP • Connectionless datagram forwarding

  5. Internet Protocol • Layers • Comprises Layer 3 functions • Forwarding • Routing decisions • Uses routing algorithms

  6. Internet Protocol • PDU

  7. Internet Protocol • PDU • VERS: version of the IP that created the datagram - current version is 4 • IHL : Internet header length in 32 bit words – due to IP options • TOTAL LENGTH: length of datagram in octets

  8. Internet Protocol • PDU • TYPE OF SERVICE • Precedence : (importance of the datagram) • type of transportation • D- low delay • T – high throughput • R- high reliability • C- minimize cost • All bits 0 -normal service •   D, T, R and C help in route selection

  9. Internet Protocol • PDU • IDENTIFICATION: unique id for each datagram • FLAGS • D – datagram may be / may not be fragmented • M – 0 last fragment, 1 more to come • FRAGMMENT OFFSET

  10. Internet Protocol • Fragmentation and reassembly

  11. Internet Protocol • PDU • Time to Live • PROTOCOL: • Specifies which high level protocol was used to create the message, - UDP, TCP • IP OPTIONS: • Not required in every datagram

  12. Internet Protocol • PDU • 8 possible options: 0.       end of options list 1.       No operation – used for aligning octets between options 2.       Security and handling restrictions 3.       Loose source routing 4.       Record time-stamp along a route 5.       Stream identifier (obsolete) 6.       Strict source routing 7. Record route

  13. Internet Protocol • Routing in Internet

  14. Internet Protocol • Routing in Internet

  15. Internet Protocol –v6 • Why IPv6? • IPv4 address extension using CIDR • Real time support • Mobility support • Flexible and efficient

  16. Internet Protocol –v6 • Aims of IPv6 • support huge amount of addresses • Reduce size of routing tables • Simplify protocol – router to process packets faster • Better security – authentication and privacy • Handle type of service – real-time data • Aid in multi-castings • Mobility of host • Protocol should be upgradable • Allow for old and new protocols to co-exist

  17. Internet Protocol –v6 • Features of IPv6 • addressing capabilities • Address size increased from 32 to 128 bits • More levels of address hierarchy • Support new ‘anycast address’ • Quality of Service Capability • Label packets for special handling during flow

  18. Internet Protocol –v6 • Features of IPv6 • Header Format Simplification • Number of fields in header is reduced • Header is of fixed length • Fragmentation not allowed at routers • Only source can fragment

  19. Internet Protocol –v6 • Features of IPv6 • Improved Support for options • Encoding of the options changed • Router does not examine options (except hop-by-hop options) • More efficient forwarding • Less stringent limits on the length • Greater flexibility for new options

  20. Internet Protocol –v6 • Features of IPv6 • Security • IP level security • Authentication and privacy supported

  21. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6

  22. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6 • Priority – Traffic class • Route choosing • Interactive class – low delay • Real- time – path with less than 100ms delay

  23. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6 • Flow Label • Performance guarantees • Path establishment – id provided • id to be used in all packets

  24. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6 • Next Header – 8 bits • Id for the header following the IPv6 header • could identify the additional (optional) extension headers if any

  25. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6 • Next Header –

  26. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6 • Next header • Exists in IPv6 header and the Extension Header • Used to identify the next header • Extension headers are not processed by any node along the packet’s route (except the hop-by-hop options header)

  27. Internet Protocol –v6 • PDU of IPv6 • Destination options • Fragmentation options • Authentication • Payload security • Hop- by hop options • Extended routing

  28. Internet Protocol –v6 • Addressing in IPv6 • Unicast – an id for a single interface • Anycast – An id for a set of interfaces • Multicast- an id for a set of interfaces

  29. Internet Protocol –v6 • Addressing in IPv6 • Address Representation – hex notation • X: X: X: X: X: X: X: X • Eg:FEDC:BA57:9874:C87B:98AC:7654:AB56:56AB • 1080:0:0:0:800:200C:6:417A ( leading zeros can be omitted) • 1080::800:200C:6:417A

  30. Mobile Internet Protocol • MobileIP • Use of portable computers on the Internet • Internet connection on migration • Issues • IP addressing depends on connection to a network

  31. Mobile Internet Protocol Ex: 160.80.40.20 • 160.80 – IP address class B network number 8272 • 40.20 is the host number 10260 • Routing tables carry network id • packets routed based on the network id • Machine moves to a different network • IP address changes

  32. Mobile Internet Protocol MobileIP Features - ietf • Mobile host must to use its home IP address anywhere • No Software changes to fixed hosts • No Changes to router software and tables • Most packets for mobile hosts should not make detours on the way • No overheads while Mobile host is at home

  33. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Locate Host • Forward packet to host at current location

  34. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Locate Host

  35. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Locate Host • Identify areas – LAN, wireless networks • Each area has a Foreign Agent, Home Agent • Home Agent • Responsible for roaming host • Has the details of its current position • Will forward messages to roaming host

  36. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Locate Host • Foreign Agent • Responsible for foreign host in its territory • Roaming Host reports to Foreign Agent • Foreign Agent communicates to Home Agent • Foreign Agent is the c/o for messages to Mobile Host • Broadcasts itself

  37. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Locate Host • Foreign Agent • Roaming user registers – giving its home address • Current data link layer address • Security information • FA authenticates from HA • Gives its address as c/o for the mobile node

  38. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Forwarding packets • Packets addressed to Mobile host intercepted by HA • HA encapsulates packet into a new IP packet with FA as destination and itself as Source and sends to FA – tunnelling • FA removes encapsulation and forwards on layer 2 to roaming mobile

  39. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Forwarding packets • OR • HA gives FA address to sender of messages and forwards only the first message • Subsequent messages are tunneled to FA from Sender directly bypassing home network

  40. Mobile Internet Protocol Routing to Mobile Hosts • Forwarding packets

  41. Integrated Service in Internet Proposed Services • Guaranteed services • For intolerant applications • Faithful playback – circuit emulation • Eg: critical control appln

  42. Integrated Service in Internet Proposed Services • Predicted services • Tolerant to Qos loss • Predict behavior and requirement from recent past • Flow regulation required • Best effort services • Elastic Applications

  43. Integrated Service in Internet Proposed Services • Achieved through • Controlled link sharing • Resource reservation • Admission control

  44. Integrated Service in Internet Internet proposed solutions • Stateful Solutions • Fair queuing under congestion • Protection to well behaved traffic • Better utilisation and quality assurance • Integrated Services support - IntServ • per flow quality guarantees

  45. Integrated Service in Internet Internet proposed solutions • Stateless Solutions • Packet dropping on congestion • Identify packets into flow aggregates • Service offered on aggregated traffic • Scalable and Robust • Differentiated Services - diffserv

  46. Integrated Service in Internet Intserv support • Qos Specifications • Intserv unaware hops • Available path bandwidth • Maximum path latency • Maximum Packet size • QoS service spec – token bucket based

  47. Integrated Service in Internet Intserv support - Router features

  48. Integrated Service in Internet Intserv support - Router features • Admission Control • Classifier • Packet Scheduler • Reservation set up protocols

  49. Integrated Service in Internet Intserv support - Router features • Reservation set up protocols • Helps provide sat up facilities for specific flow demands • Message carries application requirements and goes though each and every router to the end node • If successful in providing resources • Call accepted • All routers enroute should handle

  50. Integrated Service in Internet Intserv support - Router features • Reservation set up protocols • Routing agents decide on the routes when such messages come by • Passed to Reservation set up agent • Communicates with the admission control • Who check if the call can be supported • If so – reservation agents makes bookings

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